Table 2.
Content of volatile components in wines (μg/L).
| Compounds | 2016 |
2017 |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R | W | B | CK | R | W | B | CK | |
| Esters | ||||||||
| Ethyl acetate | 102.64 ± 8.60a | 85.41 ± 2.44b | 93.76 ± 7.31ab | 55.87 ± 8.98c | 154.06 ± 14.30b | 188.95 ± 2.36a | 174.54 ± 11.24a | 96.90 ± 7.61c |
| Ethyl butyrate | 8.44 ± 1.32b | 20.04 ± 2.10a | 21.78 ± 3.28a | 9.36 ± 1.11b | 13.62 ± 1.02b | 9.49 ± 0.27c | 17.51 ± 3.62a | 10.33 ± 1.15c |
| Isoamyl acetate | 353.96 ± 12.46c | 328.04 ± 8.22bc | 469.93 ± 10.84a | 345.58 ± 3.78b | 658.98 ± 29.74a | 436.39 ± 4.93c | 509.12 ± 11.52b | 324.19 ± 16.55d |
| Phenacyl thiocyanate | 12.07 ± 1.08b | ND | 15.88 ± 1.13a | ND | ND | ND | 21.94 ± 8.82 | ND |
| Ethyl octanoate | 328.20 ± 7.99c | 303.14 ± 10.54c | 421.87 ± 15.06a | 371.09 ± 23.21b | 386.98 ± 5.09b | 262.05 ± 1.33c | 491.47 ± 17.54a | 450.35 ± 22.62a |
| Hexanedioic acid, dioctyl ester | 1.73 ± 0.02a | 0.18 ± 0.01b | 2.02 ± 0.01a | ND | ND | ND | 3.19 ± 0.31 | ND |
| Hexyl acetate | 1.11 ± 0.03b | ND | 2.64 ± 0.15a | 0.48 ± 0.01c | 1.30 ± 0.17 | ND | ND | ND |
| Ethyl hexanoate | 13.26 ± 3.81c | 20.33 ± 2.24b | 21.47 ± 4.07a | 20.86 ± 3.33b | 22.32 ± 0.56a | 17.22 ± 2.64b | 16.07 ± 2.24b | 17.55 ± 1.75b |
| Geranyl acetate | 7.76 ± 1.38b | ND | 9.88 ± 0.75a | 5.31 ± 1.22c | 5.35 ± 0.07a | 2.09 ± 0.14b | 5.61 ± 1.23a | ND |
| Ethyl butanoate | 1.32 ± 0.01a | 0.75 ± 0.01bc | 0.89 ± 0.01b | 0.66 ± 0.05c | 1.26 ± 0.21b | 1.17 ± 0.06b | 1.78 ± 0.11a | 0.63 ± 0.01c |
| Ethyl heptanoate | 6.19 ± 1.62b | ND | 13.67 ± 1.55a | ND | 4.81 ± 0.81 | ND | ND | ND |
| Ethyl decanoate | 35.74 ± 5.31d | 188.66 ± 25.64b | 113.07 ± 11.04c | 203.21 ± 4.05a | 77.64 ± 1.18bc | 124.43 ± 12.54a | 65.80 ± 4.49c | 84.27 ± 5.07b |
| 2-Methylbutyl acetate | 4.88 ± 0.46c | 3.67 ± 1.11d | 6.20 ± 0.58a | 5.35 ± 1.17b | 5.50 ± 0.37a | 4.19 ± 1.04c | 4.85 ± 0.04b | 4.33 ± 0.53c |
| Total Esters | 881.16 ± 44.41b | 955.47 ± 8.19c | 1198.037 ± 82.52a | 1017.77 ± 11.48b | 1333.10 ± 42.64a | 1046.01 ± 20.34b | 1313.88 ± 18.10a | 989.72 ± 13.68b |
| Alcohols | ||||||||
| Ethanol | 2437.40 ± 72.69a | 1558.75 ± 55.17c | 2769.64 ± 34.16a | 1836.29 ± 15.22b | 1697.81 ± 31.66b | 5797.73 ± 12.25a | 6450.05 ± 46.37a | 1643.09 ± 7.64b |
| Isobutyl alcohol | 20.92 ± 2.72b | 52.39 ± 10.39a | 58.11 ± 13.87a | 9.74 ± 1.20c | 43.54 ± 2.62b | 77.97 ± 4.01a | 69.40 ± 7.68a | 31.97 ± 1.03c |
| 3-methyl-1-Pentanol | ND | 1.30 ± 0.01b | 2.42 ± 0.02a | 0.88 ± 0.01c | 0.69 ± 0.02b | 2.63 ± 0.34a | ND | ND |
| 3-(Methylthio)-1-propanol | 0.27 ± 0.04c | 1.14 ± 0.06a | 1.37 ± 0.15a | 0.61 ± 0.01b | 1.24 ± 0.04a | 0.92 ± 0.10b | 0.84 ± 0.05b | ND |
| Isoamyl alcohol | 1039. 22 ± 78.76c | 1297.63 ± 54.25b | 1834.44 ± 22.24a | 928.17 ± 21.76c | 1815.36 ± 37.28a | 517.78 ± 10.17c | 1749.16 ± 20.77a | 1064.11 ± 13.63b |
| 1-Hexanol | 41.71 ± 4.62b | 43.36 ± 7.33b | 50.16 ± 2.58a | 41.99 ± 2.41b | 48.25 ± 4.58b | 41.24 ± 1.32c | 66.90 ± 6.93a | 41.93 ± 1.01c |
| Isooctanol | ND | 13.22 ± 2.08b | 18.29 ± 4.83a | 6.68 ± 1.16c | 3.28 ± 0.11b | 0.96 ± 0.06c | 8.46 ± 1.64a | 2.38 ± 0.54b |
| 2,3-Butanediol | 17.17 ± 2.94b | 15.33 ± 4.65c | 19.54 ± 1.20a | 14.92 ± 3.33c | 24.21 ± 3.67a | 21.51 ± 1.56a | 21.30 ± 0.81a | 10.12 ± 1.06b |
| 1-Octanol | 5.92 ± 0.87bc | 6.60 ± 0.44b | 8.11 ± 2.72a | 4.54 ± 0.49c | 6.34 ± 1.28a | 4.81 ± 1.10b | 6.13 ± 0.55a | 3.94 ± 0.62b |
| 1-Undecanol | 2.83 ± 0.42bc | 3.36 ± 0.55b | 5.65 ± 1.47a | 2.77 ± 0.30c | 1.44 ± 0.19b | 0.57 ± 0.08c | 1.31 ± 0.20b | 6.15 ± 0.46a |
| Phenylethyl alcohol | 362.07 ± 6.07c | 467.47 ± 18.66b | 558.15 ± 33.37a | 333.92 ± 25.86c | 393.61 ± 10.33a | 8.89 ± 0.59b | 325.32 ± 7.98a | ND |
| Total Alcohols | 3927.51 ± 37.22b | 3460.55 ± 84.41bc | 5325.88 ± 103.27a | 3180.51 ± 66.70c | 4035.77 ± 21.74c | 6475.01 ± 32.85b | 8698.87 ± 83.34a | 2803.69 ± 30.48d |
| Acids | ||||||||
| Succinic acid | 113.94 ± 25.63b | 97.24 ± 8.82c | 152.02 ± 13.67a | 88.61 ± 5.11d | 308.98 ± 13.53a | 90.53 ± 4.52c | 222.07 ± 8.66b | 13.16 ± 1.20d |
| Acetic acid | 30.03 ± 3.39b | 31.82 ± 1.45b | 36.49 ± 8.46a | 22.54 ± 2.82c | 41.86 ± 4.19b | 37.30 ± 1.86c | 48.90 ± 8.36a | 12.58 ± 0.41c |
| Isobutyric acid | 0.37 ± 0.01c | 0.69 ± 0.02b | 0.85 ± 0.01a | 0.33 ± 0.01c | 1.41 ± 0.06b | 1.88 ± 0.11a | 1.61 ± 0.09ab | ND |
| 3-methyl-Butanoic acid | 4.40 ± 1.20a | ND | 4.39 ± 0.58a | 3.51 ± 0.43b | 6.93 ± 1.17a | 5.59 ± 0.53b | 4.55 ± 0.25c | ND |
| 2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid | 3.57 ± 0.48b | 3.14 ± 0.27b | 5.85 ± 1.11a | ND | ND | 6.15 ± 0.24a | 4.57 ± 0.08b | 3.93 ± 0.51c |
| Hexanoic acid | 11.19 ± 2.73c | 15.97 ± 3.87bc | 34.61 ± 7.18a | 18.74 ± 1.04b | 23.65 ± 1.33a | 18.04 ± 0.27b | 21.72 ± 0.05a | 13.13 ± 0.79c |
| Octanoic acid | 30.74 ± 4.95b | 29.38 ± 2.55b | 45.52 ± 7.08a | 25.13 ± 2.22c | 56.08 ± 2.99b | 48.46 ± 0.16c | 63.07 ± 4.64a | 30.79 ± 5.42d |
| Undecylenic acid | 2.00 ± 0.50a | 1.77 ± 0.44b | 2.62 ± 0.07a | 0.89 ± 0.01c | 1.92 ± 0.10a | ND | ND | 0.62 ± 0.03b |
| 11-Bromoundecanoic acid | 0.11 ± 0.01b | ND | 1.35 ± 0.05a | 0.16 ± 0.01b | 1.02 ± 0.02 | ND | ND | ND |
| Total Acids | 196.35 ± 24.31b | 180.01 ± 15.42b | 283.70 ± 38.33a | 159.91 ± 17.71c | 441.85 ± 23.37a | 207.95 ± 15.74c | 366.49 ± 10.69b | 74.21 ± 8.25d |
| Others | ||||||||
| Styrene | 22.47 ± 4.42b | 24.13 ± 2.45b | 32.28 ± 5.19a | 19.70 ± 4.67c | 27.51 ± 0.14a | 22.43 ± 2.33b | 12.67 ± 0.76c | 28.17 ± 1.02a |
| β-cyclocitral | 31.01 ± 3.76a | 11.20 ± 1.08c | 26.82 ± 2.27a | 16.45 ± 3.36b | 258.85 ± 64.14a | 196.50 ± 21.51b | 27.50 ± 2.77d | 99.20 ± 5.16c |
| Furfural | 3.33 ± 0.63b | ND | 8.46 ± 1.48a | 3.21 ± 0.26b | 7.69 ± 1.30c | 10.31 ± 2.07b | 13.25 ± 0.25a | 5.71 ± 1.12d |
| Damascenone | 1.32 ± 0.32b | 0.87 ± 0.11c | 1.65 ± 0.24a | 1.10 ± 0.02b | 0.63 ± 0.01b | 0.49 ± 0.01b | 1.54 ± 0.04a | ND |
| Nonanal | 21.14 ± 0.01b | 20.21 ± 0.01b | 32.55 ± 0.64a | 15.03 ± 0.01b | 11.06 ± 0.01b | ND | 17.31 ± 0.03a | ND |
| Total Others | 79.27 ± 3.75b | 56.41 ± 2.33b | 101.76 ± 6.38a | 55.49 ± 2.52b | 305.74 ± 0.05a | 229.73 ± 2.17b | 74.27 ± 0.21c | 133.08 ± 1.23a |
| Total | 5084.29 ± 101.02b | 4685.44 ± 62.89bc | 6849.37 ± 125.33a | 4438.68 ± 77.64c | 5914.46 ± 20.63c | 7958.70 ± 155.74b | 10482.51 ± 86.57a | 4000.70 ± 43.01d |
Note: Mean values (SD, n = 3) of the same compounds followed by different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05). ND, not detected. R, red. W, white. B, black. CK, control.