2. Ethnicity ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of ethnicity on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | |||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
| Arfken 1998 | Retrospective cohort | 7 | 312 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, follow‐up period | OR | 0.73a | 0.30 to 1.78 | 0.49 | |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Lee 2017 | Retrospective cohort (electronic database) | 5 | 32553 | DR severity at baseline, age, sex, VA, DR features | HR | 0.94b | 0.89 to 1.00 | 0.65 | |
| Kalter‐Leibovici 1991 | Prospective cohort | 10 | 330 | HbA1c, DM duration, socioeconomic status | OR | 4.4c | 2.00 to 9.70 | ||
| Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Harris 2013 | Prospective cohort (electronic database) | 5 | 4617 | Age, sex, comorbidities, medications | HR | 1.00d 1.29e 1.12f 1.35g |
0.92 to 1.82 0.76 to 1.65 0.73 to 2.49 |
> 0.05 > 0.05 > 0.05 |
|
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; VA: visual acuity
aAfrican American versus Caucasian (understood to be White) bNon‐Caucasian versus Caucasian (understood to be Non‐White versus White) cAshkenazi Jews versus non‐Ashkenazi Jews dWhite eBlack fLatino gAsian