8. Fasting plasma glucose ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of fasting plasma glucose on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | |||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Lee 2021 | Retrospective cohort | 6 | 2623 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, gender, and BMI | HR | 0.93 | 0.82 to 1.06 | 0.26 | |
| Lee 1992 | Prospective cohort | 13 | 927 | Duration of DM, age, plasma cholesterol, SBP, and initial DM treatment | Regression estimate | 0.01 | Standard error: 0.002 | < 0.001 | |
| Type 1 and 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Keen 2001 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 4483 | Duration of DM, age, DBP, insulin treatment, renal disease, type of DM | OR | 1.38 | < 0.01 |
Change of 2 mmol/l | |
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus