9. Diastolic blood pressure ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of diastolic blood pressure on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | Per increase in one year | ||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
|
WESDR Klein 89 |
Prospective cohort | 4 | 996 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age | OR | 1.02 | 0.99 to 1.05 | 0.2 | Higher |
| Roy 2006 | Prospective cohort | 6 | 725 | HbA1c, proteinuria | OR | 2.5 | 1.04 to 6.00 | 79 to ≥ 86 mmHg | |
| Porta 2001 | Prospective cohort | 7 | 2013 | HbA1c, DM duration, age at DM diagnosis < 12 years, waist‐to‐hip ratio | Regression estimate | 1.50 1.40a |
1.03 to 2.20 0.93 to 2.08 |
0.04 0.1 |
Comparator unclear |
| Grauslund 2009 | Prospective cohort | 25 | 573 | HbA1c, DM duration, DR severity at baseline, age, sex, proteinuria, SBP, BMI, smoking, maculopathy | OR | 1.31 | 0.86 to 1.99 | Per 10 mmHg | |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Lee 2021 | Retrospective cohort | 6 | 2623 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age, sex, BMI | HR | 1.15 | 1.01 to 1.31 | 0.04 | Per one standard deviation |
| Okudaira 2000 | Prospective cohort | 7 | 527 | HbA1c | HR | 1.03 | 1.00 to 1.05 | 0.02 | Per unit increase |
| Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Keen 2001 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 4483 | DM duration, age, sex, SBP, cholesterol, comorbidities, BMI, smoking status, insulin treatment, type of DM | OR | 1.05 | Nonsignificant | Per 5 mmHg increase | |
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus
aDR severity at baseline included in model