12. Total cholesterol ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of total cholesterol on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | Per increase in one year | ||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
| Porta 2001 | Prospective cohort | 7 | 2013 | HbA1c, DM duration | Reported narratively as nonsignificant | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Nelson 1989 | Prospective cohort | 4 | 953 | DM duration, age, sex | RR | 1.80 | 1.2 to 2.7 | ≥ 4.8 vs < 4.8 mM | |
| Lee 2021 | Retrospective cohort | 6 | 2623 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age, sex, BMI | HR | 0.93 | 0.81 to 1.07 | 0.31 | Per one standard deviation |
| Lee 1992 | Prospective cohort | 12 | 354 | HbA1c, DM duration, age, SBP, DM treatment | Regression estimate | 0.006 | Standard error: 0.003 | 0.05 | Per unit increase |
| Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Keen 2001 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 4483 | Age, sex, SBP, DBP, cholesterol, BMI, smoking status, insulin, type of DM, comorbidities | OR | 1.03 | < 0.01 | Per 10 mg/dL | |
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus