16. Nephropathy ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of nephropathy on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | |||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Gange 2021 | Prospective cohort (electronic database) | 5 | 71,817 | HbA1c, DM duration | OR | 2.68 | 2.09 to 3.42 | < 0.001 | |
| Type 1 and 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Harris 2013 | Electronic database | 5 | 4617 | Age, sex, race, comorbidities, medications | HR | 1.29 | 0.99 to 1.67 | > 0.05 | Presence |
| Jeng 2016 | Electronic database | 5 | 53,453 | Age, sex, comorbidities, medications | HR | 9.7 | 8.15 to 11.5 | < 0.001 | Presence |
| Keen 2001 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 4483 | Sex, age, duration of DM, SBP, DBP, cholesterol, BMI, smoking status, insulin treatment, vascular disease, type of DM | OR | 1.58 1.62a |
< 0.01 < 0.05 |
Presence | |
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus
aFasting plasma glucose also included as covariate