17. Proteinuria ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of proteinuria on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | |||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
|
WESDR Klein 1993 |
Prospective cohort | 4 | 996 | HbA1, DBP | OR | 2.76a 1.51b |
0.99 to 7.68 0.48 to 4.77 |
0.05 0.48 |
Gross proteinuria present |
| Roy 2006 | Prospective cohort | 6 | 725 | HbA1c, age, hypertension | OR | 1.00c 3.74d |
1.52 to 9.18 |
0.01 |
|
|
WESDR Report XVII |
Prospective cohort | 14 | 996 | DR severity at baseline, | OR | 1.65 | 1.03 to 2.64 | No vs yes |
|
|
WESDR Report XXII |
Prospective cohort | 25 | 996 | HbA1c, SBP, BMI | HR | 1.83 | 1.31 to 2.56 | < 0.001 | No vs yes |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
|
WESDR Klein 1993 |
Prospective cohort | 4 | 1370 | HbA1, DBP | OR | 0.90 | 0.25 to 3.32 | 0.88 | Older‐onset group taking insulin Gross proteinuria present |
| Nelson 1989 | Prospective cohort | 4 | 953 | DM duration, age, sex | RR | 2.50 | Range: 1.1 to 5.8 | No vs yes Proteinuria: urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio ≥ 113 mg/mmol |
|
| Grauslund 2009 | Prospective cohort | 25 | 573 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age, sex, DBP, SBP, BMI, proteinuria, smoking, maculopathy | OR | 5.17 | 0.49 to 54.3 | Proteinuria vs no proteinuria | |
| Type 1 and 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Janghorbani 2000 | Retrospective cohort | 5 | 3482 | HbA1c, DM duration, SBP, type of DM | RR | 1.00e 1.27f |
1.05 to 1.54 |
< 0.05 |
|
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus
aNo/mild NPDR at baseline bModerate/severe NPDR at baseline cNo proteinuria dOvert proteinuria eNo proteinuria fProteinuria