19. Albumin creatinine ratio ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of albumin creatinine ratio on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | |||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Kim 2014 | Retrospective cohort | 6 | 231 | HbA1c, DM duration | HR | 1.22 | 1.20 to 1.78 | 0.004 | Per unit increase |
| Hsieh 2018 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 2096 | DM duration, age, sex, SBP, BMI, serum fasting glucose, cholesterol, low and high density lipoprotein, triglycerides | HR | 3.20a 6.65b |
2.03 to 5.05 3.92 to 11.29 |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
|
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus
a31‐300mg/g vs. <10mg/g b>300mg/g vs. <10mg/g