21. Creatinine ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of creatinine on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | |||||||
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Nelson 1989 | Electronic database | 4 | 953 | DM duration, age, sex | RR | 4.80 | Range: 1.3 to 17.6 | serum creatinine concentration of ≥ 177µM (2.0 mg/dL) | |
| Hsieh 2018 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 2096 | DM duration, age, sex, SBP, BMI, serum fasting glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides | HR | 2.36a 2.37b |
1.90 to 2.92 1.70 to 3.29 |
< 0.001 < 0.001 |
|
| Lee 2021 | Retrospective cohort | 6 | 2623 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age, sex, BMI | HR | 1.11 | 0.99 to 1.23 | 0.06 | Per one standard deviation |
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus
aAt baseline bDuring follow‐up