26. Body mass index (BMI) ‐ Studies undertaking multivariable regression analyses to determine the effect of BMI on progression to PDR.
| Study | Study type | Time years | N at baseline | Adjustment factors | Effect estimate | P value | Comments | ||
| Type | Value | 95% CI | Per increase in one year | ||||||
| Type 1 diabetes | |||||||||
| Grauslund 2009 | Prospective cohort | 25 | 573 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age, sex, SBP, DBP, proteinuria, maculopathy | OR | 1.01 | 0.86‐1.20 | per increase in one kg/m2 | |
|
WESDR Report XXII |
Prospective cohort | 25 | 996 | HbA1c, SBP, proteinuria | HR | 1.21 | 1.07 to 1.36 | 0.002 | per increase in four kg/m2 |
| Type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
|
WESDR Klein 1997 |
Prospective cohort | 4 | 1370 | DR severity at baseline, insulin use | RR | 1.41 | 0.76 to 2.62 | BMI = obesity at baseline (men: > 31.0 kg/m2; women: > 32.2 kg/m2 | |
| Nelson 1989 | Prospective cohort | 4 | 953 | DM duration, age, sex | RR | 1.0 | Range: 0.6 to 1.6 | ≥34 vs. < 34 kg/m2 | |
| Kim 1998 | Prospective cohort | 5 | 56 | HbA1c, DM duration, age | RR | 1.33 | 0.87 to 1.50 | Change in BMI during follow‐up | |
| Lee 2021 | Retrospective cohort | 6 | 2623 | HbA1c, DR severity at baseline, age, sex | HR | 0.91 | 0.79 to 1.03 | Per one standard deviation | |
| Type 1 and type 2 diabetes | |||||||||
| Keen 2001 | Prospective cohort | 8 | 4483 | DM duration, age, sex, SBP, DBP, insulin use, cholesterol, BMI, fasting plasma glucose, smoking status, comorbidities, type of DM | OR | 1.05 | Nonsignificant | 8 to 11 years vs ≥ 12 years |
|
BMI: body mass index; CI: confidence interval; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DM: diabetes mellitus; DR: diabetic retinopathy; HbA1c: glycated haemoglobin/haemoglobin A1c; HR: hazard ratio; NPDR: non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy; OR: odds ratio; PDR: proliferative diabetic retinopathy; RR: risk ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; vs: versus