FIGURE 7.

Wing shape measures. (a) Boxplot of forewing circularity scores. Lower circularity scores indicate an individual with a more elongated wing. CR monarchs reared in summer had higher circularity scores than NA monarchs reared in autumn. The p‐value of the only significant difference between groups is indicated on the plot. Examples of both a less elongated CR monarch wing and a more elongated NA monarch wing are highlighted in black. (b) Mean shape of the autumn forewings (yellow) plotted on top of the mean summer (blue) forewings by population. Each dot is the consensus mean coordinate for landmarks 1–16. Straight lines are drawn between landmarks to outline the forewing. (c) Comparison of mean forewing shape of Costa Rican (blue) and North American (red) monarchs reared outdoors in autumn. Each dot is the consensus mean coordinate for landmarks 1–16. Straight lines are drawn between landmarks to outline the forewing. (d) A boxplot of Procrustes distances from the mean consensus forewing shape. Each dot represents the cumulative distance of 16 coordinates (landmarks) from their respective mean shape coordinate. There were no significant differences between groups.