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. 2023 Feb 7;7:e38298. doi: 10.2196/38298

Table 6.

Measurement invariance by age group, gender, race/ethnicity, education level, geographical region of the United States, and population density of one’s community of residence for a measure of the willingness to use mHealth tools for pandemic-related screening and tracking.

Fit index Invariance models

Configural Metric Scalar
Age groupa (N=2036)

χ2 (df), P value 0.00 (0), <.001 1.52 (6), .96 36.59 (30), .19

RMSEAb (CI.90) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0) 0.021 (0-0.041)

CFIc 1.000 1.000 1.000

SRMRd 0 0.002 0.019
Gendere (N=2036)

χ2 (df), P value 0 (0), <.001 8.133 (2), .02 17.79 (10), .06

RMSEA (CI.90) 0 (0-0) 0.055 (0.020-0.096) 0.028 (0-0.048)

CFI 1.000 1.000 0.999

SRMR 0 0.006 0.009
Race/ethnicityf (N=2001)

χ2 (df), P value 0 (0), <.001 4.42 (6), .62 28.14 (30), .56

RMSEA (CI.90) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0.049) 0 (0-0.031)

CFI 1.000 1.000 1.000

SRMR 0 0.004 0.013
Education levelg (N=2036)

χ2 (df), P value 0 (0), <.001 5.49 (4), .24 24.52 (20), .22

RMSEA (CI.90) 0 (0-0) 0.023 (0-0.066) 0.018 (0-0.040)

CFI 1.000 1.000 1.000

SRMR 0 0.004 0.013
Geographical region of the United Statesh (N=2036)

χ2 (df), P value 0 (0), <.001 6.80 (6), .34 36.66 (30), .19

RMSEA (CI.90) 0 (0-0) 0.016 (0-0.062) 0.021 (0-0.0410

CFI 1.000 1.000 0.999

SRMR 0 0.005 0.016
Population density of one’s lived communityi (N=2036)

χ2 (df), P value 0 (0), <.001 1.986 (4), .74 16.63 (20), .68

RMSEA (CI.90) 0 (0-0) 0 (0-0.041) 0 (0-0.027)

CFI 1.000 1.000 1.000

SRMR 0 0.002 0.011

aAge groups were 18-29, 30-44, 45-59, and ≥60 years.

bRMSEA: root mean square error of approximation.

cCFI: comparative fit index.

dSRMR: standardized root mean square residual.

eGender categories are male and female.

fRace categories were Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, White, and other race/ethnicity.

gEducation categories were high school diploma or equivalent or less, some college, and bachelor’s degree or greater.

hGeographical regions of the United States were the Northeast, the Midwest, the South, and the West.

iThe population density of one’s lived community was represented as rural, suburban, and urban.