Table 2.
Implementation strategies* used in included studies (n=38), in descending order
| Implementation strategy | n (%) | References |
| Conduct educational meetings | 23 (61) | 40–47 49 51 54–58 60–62 67 71–73 75 |
| Develop and implement tools for quality monitoring | 19 (50) | 40 43–47 49 51 52 54–57 62 67 68 71 75 76 |
| Develop educational materials | 13 (34) | 41 47 49 51 54–56 58 60 61 67 71 72 |
| Distribute educational materials | 12 (32) | 41 47 49 51 54–56 58 60 61 71 72 |
| Identify and prepare champions | 11 (29) | 40–43 48 51 60 61 71 75 76 |
| Build a coalition | 10 (26) | 40 41 43 47 49 51 52 68 71 75 |
| Audit and provide feedback | 9 (24) | 39 41–43 46 51 60 61 67 |
| Conduct ongoing training | 8 (21) | 41 43 45 47 49 51 56 75 |
| Develop and organise quality monitoring systems | 8 (21) | 41 42 46–48 51 65 71 |
| Develop a formal implementation blueprint | 7 (18) | 41 43 47 51 54 65 71 |
| Provide ongoing consultation | 6 (16) | 43 48 60–62 71 |
| Change record systems | 5 (13) | 41–43 46 71 |
| Stage implementation scale up | 5 (13) | 40 46 47 62 72 |
| Create new clinical teams | 5 (13) | 41 43 47 60 61 |
| Involve patients/consumers and family members | 4 (11) | 39 47 72 76 |
| Centralise technical assistance | 4 (11) | 46 48 62 71 |
| Assess for readiness and identify barriers and facilitators | 4 (11) | 43 49 60 61 |
| Remind clinicians | 4 (11) | 40 48 60 61 |
| No strategy reported | 4 (11) | 51 61 63 70 |
| Conduct educational outreach visits | 3 (8) | 51 60 61 |
| Tailor strategies | 3 (8) | 47 49 75 |
| Provide clinical supervision | 3 (8) | 43 48 73 |
| Purposely re-examine the implementation | 3 (8) | 41 54 57 |
| Conduct local consensus discussions | 2 (5) | 41 75 |
| Organise clinician implementation team meetings | 2 (5) | 41 55 |
| Facilitation | 2 (5) | 43 72 |
| Provide local technical assistance | 2 (5) | 48 71 |
| Change physical structure and equipment | 2 (5) | 40 75 |
| Conduct cyclical small tests of change | 2 (5) | 46 47 |
| Mandate change | 2 (5) | 43 47 |
| Develop academic partnerships | 2 (5) | 43 71 |
| Make training dynamic | 2 (5) | 55 62 |
| Create a learning collaborative | 1 (3) | 41 |
| Recruit, designate, and train for leadership | 1 (3) | 41 |
| Intervene with patients/consumers to enhance uptake and adherence | 1 (3) | 72 |
| Obtain and use patients/consumers and family feedback | 1 (3) | 72 |
| Prepare patients/consumers to be active participants | 1 (3) | 72 |
| Facilitate relay of clinical data to providers | 1 (3) | 68 |
| Conduct local needs assessment | 1 (3) | 65 |
| Inform local opinion leaders | 1 (3) | 46 |
| Use an implementation advisor | 1 (3) | 46 |
| Involve executive boards | 1 (3) | 43 |
| Work with educational institutions | 1 (3) | 43 |
| Promote adaptability | 1 (3) | 75 |
| Use advisory boards and workgroups | 1 (3) | 75 |
Studies68 69 are separate outcome analyses of unique data collected within one clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01656317).
*According to the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) taxonomy.38