. 2023 Feb 17;13(2):e070962. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070962

Table 4.

Effects of bundles on long-term patient-relevant outcomes

Bundle category	Outcome	Effect
Bundle category	Outcome	Positive	Possibly positive	None
All (n=38)	Survival	1344 45 54 55 59 64–67 70 71 74 76	2^{60 61}	939 46 48 56 57 63 68 69 75
	Care-related outcomes *	1239 42 49–51 53 55 57–59 70 75	443 47 61 62	541 48 69 73 74
	Health-related quality of life	2^{59 73}	2^{42 62}	1⁵²
	PICS—physical health	3^{56 61 69}		2^{52 68}
	PICS—cognition	1⁵⁶		3^{40 52 68}
	PICS—mental health	2^{72 73}		1⁶¹
	Adverse events			1⁶⁹
	Social health			1⁷³
Communication (n=4)	Survival			1³⁹
	Care-related outcomes*	2^{39 51}	1⁴⁷
	PICS—mental health	1⁷²
Early rehabilitation (n=3)	Survival			3^{56 68 69}
	Care-related outcomes*			1⁶⁹
	PICS—physical health	2^{56 69}		1⁶⁸
	PICS—cognition	1⁵⁶		1⁶⁸
	Adverse events			1⁶⁹
Neurocognitive (n=6)	Survival	2^{59 70}		1⁷⁵
	Care-related outcomes*	3^{59 70 75}		1⁷³
	Health-related quality of life	2^{59 73}		1⁵²
	PICS—physical health			1⁵²
	PICS—cognition			2^{40 52}
	PICS—mental health	1⁷³
	Social health			1⁷³
Pharmacological discontinuation (n=3)	Survival			1⁴⁸
Pharmacological discontinuation (n=3)	Care-related outcomes*	2^{49 58}		1⁴⁸
Sepsis (n=11)	Survival	1044 45 54 64–67 71 74 76		1⁶³
Sepsis (n=11)	Care-related outcomes*			1⁷⁴
Ventilation (n=2)	Survival	1⁵⁵		1⁵⁷
Ventilation (n=2)	Care-related outcomes*	2^{55 57}
Combined (n=9)†	Survival	1⁴²	2^{60 61}	1⁴⁶
	Care-related outcomes*	3^{42 50 53}	3^{43 61 62}	1⁴¹
	Health-related quality of life		2^{42 62}
	PICS—physical health	1⁶¹
	PICS—mental health			1⁶¹

Studies^{68 69} are separate outcome analyses of unique data collected within one clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01656317).

*Care-related outcomes comprise outcomes pertaining to care after ICU discharge, eg, readmissions or discharge disposition.

†Includes the ABCDEF bundle.

ICU, intensive care unit; PICS, post-intensive care syndrome.