Table 2.
Clinical therapeutic interventions for PD treatment
| Therapeutic strategy | Name | Classification and target | Status | ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DA receptor agonists |
PF-06649751/CVL 751/ Tavapadon |
Small molecular DA D1/D5 agonist |
Phase III | NCT04223193, NCT04542499, NCT04201093 |
| PF-06669571 |
Small molecular DA D1 agonist |
Phase I | NCT02565628 | |
| PF-06412562 |
Small molecular DA D1 agonist |
Phase I | NCT03665454 | |
| KDT-3594/AM-006 |
Small molecular DA agonist |
Phase II | NCT04867551, NCT03845387 | |
| Lu-AF28996 |
Small molecular DA D1/D2 agonist |
Phase I | NCT04291859 | |
| Anti-α-synuclein aggregation therapy | Prasinezumab/PRX002/RO7046015 | Monoclonal antibody | Phase IIB | NCT04777331 |
| MEDI-1341/TAK-341 | Monoclonal antibody | Phase I | NCT04449484 | |
| Lu AF82422 | Monoclonal antibody | Phase II | NCT05104476 | |
| UCB7853 | Monoclonal antibody | Phase I | NCT04651153 | |
| UCB 0599 |
Small molecular SNCA antagonists |
Phase II | NCT04658186, NCT05543252 | |
| Kenterin/Enterin-01 |
Small molecular SNCA antagonist |
Phase II | NCT04483479 | |
| Ambroxol |
Small molecular Decrease the cerebrospinal fluid α-synuclein level |
Phase II | NCT02914366 | |
| Targeting ferroptosis | Cu(II)ATSM |
Small molecular Peroxynitrite scavenger |
Phase I | NCT03204929 |
| DFP/Deferiprone | Small molecular | Phase II | NCT01539837 | |
| Serotonin receptor agonists or antagonists | Landipirdine/SYN120/RO-5025181 |
Small molecular Dual 5-HT6/5-HT2 antagonist |
Phase II | NCT02258152 |
| SEP-363856 |
Small molecular 5-HT1A agonist |
Phase II | NCT02969369 | |
| N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) modulators | NBTX 001 |
Small molecular NMDAR modulator |
Phase I | NCT04097080 |
| NYX-458 |
Small molecular NMDAR modulator |
Phase II | NCT04148391 | |
| DAAOI-P |
Small molecular D-amino acid oxidase inhibitor |
Phase II | NCT04470037 | |
| Adenosine A2a receptor antagonists | KW-6356 |
Small molecular Adenosine A2A receptor antagonist |
Phase IIB | NCT03703570 |
| Caffeine |
Small molecular Selective Adenosine A2A antagonist |
Phase III | NCT01738178 | |
| Acetylcholinesterase antagonists | Buntanetap/ANVS-401 |
Small molecular AchE antagonist/TAU antagonist |
Phase III | NCT05357989 |
| Muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists | Blarcamesine/AF710B/ANAVEX 2-73 |
Small molecular Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 agonist |
Phase II | NCT04575259 |
| Nicotine nasal spray |
Small molecular Nicotinic agonist |
Phase II | NCT03865121 | |
| Kinase inhibitors | SUN-K706/Vodobatinib/SCC-138/K0706 | Small molecular Bcr-Abl antagonist | Phase II | NCT03655236 |
| Nilotinib/Tasigna/AMN-107 | Small molecular Bcr-Abl antagonist | Phase II | NCT03205488 | |
|
Radotinib Dihydrochloride/ IY-5511 |
Small molecular Bcr-Abl antagonist | Phase II | NCT04691661 | |
| BIIB-122/DNL151 | Small molecular LRRK2 antagonist | Phase III | NCT05418673 | |
| DNL-201 | Small molecular LRRK2 antagonist | Phase I | NCT03710707 | |
| Botanical-based medication | DA 9805 | Natural compounds | Phase II | NCT03189563 |
| Hypoestoxide | Plant-based herbal dry powder | Phase I/ II | NCT04858074 | |
| WIN-1001X | Plant-based herbal extract | Phase II | NCT04220762 | |
| Cell-based therapy | NTCELL | Immunoprotected (alginate-encapsulated) porcine choroid pplexus cells | Phase I/ II | NCT01734733 |
| ISC-hpNSC | Neural stem cells | Phase I | NCT02452723 | |
| ANGE-S003 | Neural stem cell | Phase II/ III | NCT03128450 | |
| Gene therapy | AAV2-GDNF | AAV2-GDNF delivered to the putamen | Phase I | NCT04167540 |
| LY3884961/PR001A | Glucocerebrosidase gene therapy by intra cisterna magna administration | Phase I/ II | NCT04127578 | |
| Others | CNM-Au8 | Small molecular | Phase II | NCT03815916 |
| NLY01/NLY01-AD | Small molecular GLP1R agonist | Phase II | NCT04154072 |