Table 1.

Socioeconomic factors of COVID vaccine hesitancy in Pakistan

Factors	Symbols	Description
Demographic factors	F1	Demographic factors such as gender (Dabla-Norris et al., 2021; Kabamba Nzaji et al., 2020; Kadoya et al., 2021; Troiano & Nardi, 2021; Wake, 2021; Wang et al., 2020), age (Dabla-Norris et al., 2021; Kuter et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2020; Troiano & Nardi, 2021), education levels (Kadoya et al., 2021; Malik et al., 2020; Troiano & Nardi, 2021), and marital status (Kadoya et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2020) influence the vaccine acceptance/hesitancy behavior. Education level is a critical factor and is one of the important correlates of vaccine acceptance (Ehde et al., 2021).
Lack of vaccine literacy	F2	The lack of vaccine literacy (Sung et al., 2021) and poor access to accurate and reliable information (Jarrett et al., 2015; Mills et al., 2020; Razai et al., 2021a, b).
Lack of confidence vaccine and healthcare system	F3	Lack of confidence in COVID vaccine (Chen et al., 2021) and the healthcare system contributes to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (Sung et al., 2021).
Misinformation, disinformation, and conspiracy theories (MDCTs)	F4	Misinformation, disinformation, rumors, and conspiracy theories, especially social media (Jarrett et al., 2015; Mills et al., 2020; Mo et al., 2021; Razai et al., 2021a, b).
Acquired knowledge	F5	Knowledge of the public about the epidemic/pandemic and its vaccination for prevention is important, but it is not enough to change behavior (Chaudhary et al., 2021; Goldstein et al., 2015).
Perceived severity, risk, and concerns associated with COVID-19 and its variants	F6	Perceived severity (Mo et al., 2021), concerns and risks (Ehde et al., 2021), source of information perceive side effects (Chaudhary et al., 2021; Troiano & Nardi, 2021), and lack of confidence in vaccine and their effectiveness (Solís Arce et al., 2021), coupled with the deficient healthcare system (Bono et al., 2021). Moreover, the risk perception of the risks due to COVID-19 and the health security after vaccination is important in vaccine acceptance or vaccine hesitancy behavior (Ehde et al., 2021).
Poor health quality service (PHQS) and poor communication	F7	Poor communication unfavorably affects vaccine acceptance and adds to vaccine hesitancy (MacDonald et al., 2015), discusses scarce communiqué resources, hampers the capability to deal with the destructive information about vaccines, and undermines the achievements of community support for vaccine programs. PHQS undermines acceptance in any given conditions. Even with well-resourced vaccination programs in high-income countries, PHQS is more likely to surge vaccine hesitancy and even utter refusal. Poorly communicated.
Ineffective public awareness strategies	F8	Insufficient and ineffective public health messages and targeted campaigns (Jarrett et al., 2015; Mills et al., 2020; Razai et al., 2021a, b).
Socio-religious beliefs and biases and subjective norms and attitudes towards vaccine	F9	The social-religious beliefs (Chaudhary et al., 2021) and biases make the public hesitant to believe in the need and necessity of vaccination. Subjective norms play important role in participants’ attitudes toward vaccines and COVID vaccine acceptance/hesitancy (Winter et al., 2021).
Socioeconomic and healthcare inequalities	F10	Socioeconomic and healthcare inequalities intensify health-related issues (Jarrett et al., 2015; Laurencin, 2021; Mills et al., 2020; Razai et al., 2021a, b).
Economic factors	F11	Economic factors such as household income and assets have an impact on behaviors toward vaccine acceptance/hesitancy (Kadoya et al., 2021; Laurencin, 2021).
Political factor(s)	F12	Political views are one of the critical factors in vaccine hesitancy (Albrecht, 2022).