Table 3.
Summary of Regression Results of Violation Enforcement.
| Variables | Done nothing | Advice/warning | Ticket/fine | Detention/arrest | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | SE | OR | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
| Independent variables | |||||||||
| Organizational support | |||||||||
| Supervisory instructions and training | .24 | 0.14 | 1.28 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.17* | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| Personal protective equipment | .18 | 0.17 | 1.19 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.21* | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.09 |
| Minimize COVID risk to officers | −.31* | 0.16 | 0.73 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.16 | 0.10 |
| Behavioral and psychological conditions | |||||||||
| Maintain normalcy | .11* | 0.05 | 1.12 | −0.02 | 0.03 | 0.08* | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 |
| COVID no worse than flu | .36** | 0.14 | 1.44 | −0.19* | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.01 | 0.08 |
| Stress | −.03 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.03 | −0.05 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.03 |
| Emotional exhaustion | .01 | 0.14 | 1.01 | 0.16* | 0.08 | −0.18* | 0.08 | −0.12 | 0.08 |
| Public compliance | |||||||||
| Respect and confidence in police | .08 | 0.08 | 1.08 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 |
| Compliance with COVID regulations | −1.31*** | 0.24 | 0.27 | 0.48*** | 0.13 | −0.39** | 0.14 | −0.26* | 0.14 |
| Control variables | |||||||||
| Male | .44 | 0.35 | 0.64 | −0.11 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.23 |
| Year of police experience | .02 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Supervisor | −.73 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.34 | 0.23 | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.23 |
| Field station | .78 | 0.44 | 2.19 | 0.49* | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.21 |
*
p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.