Table I.

Potential future biomarkers in PD.

Biomarker	Neurodegenerative effects
Urate	• Antioxidant effects
	• May prevent neurodegeneration of substantia nigra
	• Reduces mitochondrial oxidation
Protein DJ-1	• Neuroprotective role in oxidative stress
	• Reduces neurodegeneration
	• Modulates chaperone proteins
	• Reduces mitochondrial oxidation
Coenzyme Q10	• Destabilizes the redox equilibrium
	• Neuronal toxicity
	• Mitochondrial defects
Homocysteine	• Substantia nigra toxicity
	• Neurotoxicity, especially in dopaminergic neurons
	• Increases sera levels of amyloid β
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine	• Promotes reactive oxygen species synthesis
	• Substantia nigra toxicity
Advanced oxidized protein products	• Protein halogenation
	• Increases phagocytosis