Table 1.
Baseline demographic characteristics stratified by sites
| Characteristic | Total (n=567) | Takeo, Cambodia (n=200) |
Durham, USA (n=180) |
Kumasi, Ghana (n=187) |
P value* |
| Female gender, no. (%) | 243 (42.9%) | 64 (32.0%) | 81 (45.0%) | 98 (52.4%) | <0.001 |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 50 (36–63) | 50 (36–62) | 52.5 (40 – 63) | 46 (35–63) | 0.151 |
| Medical history†, no. (%) | |||||
| Cancer | 44 (9.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 44 (24.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular | 202 (41.4%) | 22 (18.2%) | 118 (65.6%) | 62 (33.2%) | <0.001 |
| Dermatological | 15 (3.1%) | 1 (0.8%) | 14 (7.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Endocrine | 126 (25.8%) | 6 (5.0%) | 74 (41.1%) | 46 (24.6%) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal | 76 (15.6%) | 4 (3.3%) | 66 (36.7%) | 6 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Genitourinary or reproductive | 34 (7.0%) | 1 (0.8%) | 33 (18.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| HIV | 26 (4.7%) | 12 (6.2%) | 8 (4.5%) | 6 (3.2%) | 0.388 |
| Neurological | 62 (12.7%) | 1 (0.8%) | 44 (24.4%) | 17 (9.1%) | <0.001 |
| Other | 206 (42.2%) | 48 (39.7%) | 151 (83.9%) | 7 (3.7%) | <0.001 |
| Psychiatric | 143 (29.3%) | 41 (33.9%) | 78 (43.3%) | 24 (12.8%) | <0.001 |
| Renal | 41 (8.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 41 (22.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory | 89 (18.2%) | 7 (5.8%) | 76 (42.2%) | 6 (3.2%) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatological | 29 (5.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 28 (15.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | <0.001 |
| Surgery | 27 (5.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 22 (12.2%) | 5 (2.7%) | <0.001 |
| Baseline scores, no. (%) | |||||
| MEWS (≥4) | 315 (57.8%) | 81 (40.7%) | 105 (65.6%) | 129 (69.3%) | <0.001 |
| NEWS score (≥5) | 324 (61.6%) | 90 (47.9%) | 98 (64.5%) | 136 (73.1%) | <0.001 |
| qSOFA (≥2) | 139 (25.4%) | 22 (11.1%) | 48 (29.6%) | 69 (37.1%) | <0.001 |
| SIRS (≥2) | 447 (81.8%) | 125 (68.3%) | 157 (89.2%) | 165 (88.2%) | <0.001 |
| UVA (≥2) | 199 (37.8%) | 47 (25.8%) | 68 (42.8%) | 84 (45.4%) | <0.001 |
| Baseline scores (median (IQR)) |
|||||
| MEWS | 4 (3–6) | 3 (2–5) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 |
| NEWS | 6 (3–8) | 4 (2–7) | 7 (3–9) | 6 (4–8) | <0.001 |
| qSOFA | 1 (1–2) | 1 (0–1) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (1–2) | <0.001 |
| SIRS | 2 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | <0.001 |
| UVA | 1 (0–3) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–4) | 1 (0–4) | <0.001 |
*Categorical parameters compared with χ2 test and numeric parameters compared with Kruskal-Wallis test. Not adjusted for multiple comparisons.
†There were 79 subjects without comorbidity information in the Cambodia cohort.
MEWS, Modified Early Warning Score; NEWS, National Early Warning Score; qSOFA, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SIRS, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; UVA, Universal Vital Assessment.