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Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD): Aging, genetic mutations, and environmental factors promote the formation and aggregation of α‐synuclein with subsequent formation of Lewy bodies which lead to inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These changes lead to oxidative stress and DNA injury causing alteration of dopamine metabolism and axonal dysfunction with induction of apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons.
