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. 2023 Feb 21;6:26. doi: 10.1038/s41746-023-00773-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — The left component (with three boxes) illustrates the model derivation including dataset, models and internal validation methods. The top component with two green boxes denotes the external validation dataset selection and preparation. The middle component (circled by a dashed line) shows the external validation experiments. The right component (with four pink boxes) describes the external validation experiment details including inconsistent measurements, consensus seeking methods and decision making considering changing patterns.