Table 2.
Summary of studies on humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in HIV-infected patients compared with HCs.
| Reference | Journal | Vaccine | Numbers (PLWH vs. HC) | PLWH grouped based on CD4 T cell counts (cells/mL) | Detection time points after full course vaccination | Detected parameters | Findings |
| Liu et al[31] | Vaccines | CoronaVac | 55 vs. 21 | CD4 < 350 CD4 ≥ 350 |
5 weeks | Anti-RBD IgG | Similar between PLWH and HC, but lower in PLWH with CD4 counts <350 cells/μL |
| Ao et al[32] | Emerg Microbes Infect | CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV | 139 vs. 120 | CD4 < 200 200 ≤ CD4 ≤ 500 CD4 > 500 |
40 days | Anti-RBD IgG Anti-spike IgG |
Lower in PLWH, especially in those with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL Lower titers in PLWH |
| Cai et al[33] | J Med Virol | CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV | 143 vs. 50 | NA | 35.78 days | SARS-CoV-2 IgG NAb |
Lower in PLWH Similar |
| Netto et al[21] | Lancet HIV | CoronaVac | 215 vs. 296 | CD4 < 500 CD4 ≥ 500 |
6 weeks | Anti-spike IgG | Lower in PLWH, and lower seroconversion in those with CD4 counts <500 cells/μL |
| NAb | Lower in PLWH, especially in those with CD4 counts <500 cells/μL | ||||||
| Huang et al[34] | Viruses | CoronaVac or BBIBP-CorV | 94 vs. 51 | NA | NA | Anti-spike IgG NAb |
Lower in PLWH Similar |
| Zeng et al[35] | Vaccines | BBIBP-CorV CoronaVac |
65 vs. 65 67 vs. 65 |
CD4 < 350 CD4 ≥ 350 |
28 days | Anti-RBD IgG | Lower in PLWH, especially in those with CD4 counts <350 cells/μL |
| Bergman et al[36] | EBioMedicine | BNT162b2 | 90 vs. 90 | CD4 > 300 CD4 ≤ 300 |
14 days | Anti-RBD IgG | Similar |
| Jedicke et al[37] | HIV Med | BNT162b2 | 50 vs. 41 | NA | 35 days | Anti-spike IgG | Lower in PLWH |
| Levy et al[38] | Clin Microbiol Infect | BNT162b2 | 143 vs. 261 | NA | 18 days | Anti-RBD IgG | Lower in PLWH |
| NAb | Similar | ||||||
| Portillo et al[23] | Front Immunol | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 124 vs. 48 | NA | 30 days | Anti-RBD IgG | Lower in PLWH |
| Spinelli et al[22] | Clin Infect Dis | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 100 vs. 100 | NA | 35 days | SARS-CoV-2 IgG NAb |
Lower in PLWH Lower in PLWH |
| Antinori et al[39] | Clin Infect Dis | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | 166 vs. 169 | CD4 < 200 200 ≤ CD4 ≤ 500 CD4 > 500 |
1 month | Anti-RBD IgG | Lower in PLWH, especially in those with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL |
| NAb | Lower in PLWH, especially in those with CD4 counts <200 cells/μL | ||||||
| Heftdal et al[40] | J Intern Med | BNT162b2 | 269 vs. 538 | NA | >1 week | Anti-RBD IgG | Lower in PLWH |
| NAb | Similar | ||||||
| Lombardi et al[41] | Lancet Reg Health Eur | mRNA-1273 | 62 vs. 8 | CD4 < 350 350 ≥ CD4 ≤ 500 CD4 > 500 |
28 days | Anti-spike IgG NAb |
Similar Similar |
| Tau et al[42] | Open Forum Infect Dis | BNT162b2 | 136 vs. 61 | CD4 < 300 CD4 ≥ 300 |
4.5 months | Anti-RBD IgG | Similar between PLWH and HC, but lower in PLWH with CD4 counts <300 cells/μL |
| Madhi et al[24] | Lancet HIV | NVX-CoV2373 | 58 vs. 1216 | NA | 14 days | Anti-spike IgG | Lower in PLWH |
| NAb | Lower in PLWH |
Anti-RBD IgG: IgG antibody against receptor-binding domain; Anti-spike IgG: IgG antibody against spike protein; CD4: Cluster of differentiation 4; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; HC: Healthy control; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; IgG: Immunoglobulin; NA: Not applicable; NAb: Neutralizing antibody; PLWH: People living with HIV; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.