Table 3.
Summary of studies on humoral immune response to COVID-19 vaccination in SOTRs compared with HCs.
| Reference | Journal | Vaccines | Study population (n) | Detection time points after full course vaccination | Detected parameters (positivity) | Factors associated with worse humoral response |
| Benotmane et al[46] | Kidney Int | mRNA-1273 | KTR (205) | 1 month | SARS-CoV-2 IgG (48%) | Treatment with CNI, MMF, or steroids |
| Cucchiari et al[47] | Am J Transplant | mRNA-1273 | KTR (148) | 2 weeks | Anti-spike IgM/IgG (29.9%) | Diabetes, treatment with ATG during the last year |
| Devresse et al[48] | Transplantation | BNT162b2 | KTR (90) | 1 month | Anti-RBD IgG (64.4%) | NA |
| Eren Sadioglu et al[49] | Transpl Infect Dis | CoronaVac | KTR (118) | 1 month | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (18.8%) | Age and impaired renal function |
| Grupper et al[50] | Am J Transplant | BNT162b2 | KTR (136) | 16.5 days | Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (37.5%) | Age, high-dose corticosteroids, and triple immunosuppression regimen including MMF |
| Guarino et al[51] | J Hepatol | BNT162b2 | LTR (365) | 4 weeks | Anti-spike IgG (74.8%) | Age, higher BMI, shorter time from transplantation, multiple immunosuppressive drugs, and antimetabolite therapy |
| Hallett et al[52] | J Heart Lung Transplant | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | HTR (134) Lung transplant recipient (103) |
28 days | Anti-spike IgG (62% and 36%, respectively) | Antimetabolite regimen, shorter years (<6 years) from transplantation |
| Hod et al[53] | Transplantation | BNT162b2 | KTR (120) | 26.7 days | Anti-RBD IgG (43.4%) NAb (35%) |
MPA dose and hemoglobin level <13 g/dL |
| Midtvedt et al[54] | Transplantation | BNT162b2 | KTR (141) | 25–89 days | Anti-spike IgG (18%) | Age, treatment with MPA, especially in triple therapy |
| Rabinowich et al[55] | J Hepatol | BNT162b2 | LTR (80) | 14.8 days | Anti-spike IgG (47.5%) | Age, decreased renal function, and immunosuppression |
| Rozen-Zvi et al[56] | Clin Microbiol Infect | BNT162b2 | KTR (308) | 2–4 weeks | Anti-spike IgG (36.4%) | Age, lower eGFR, high MPA dose, and higher CNI blood level |
| Ruether et al[57] | Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 or AZD1222 | LTR (141) | 29 days | Anti-spike IgG (63%) | Age, arterial hypertension, and immunosuppression other than CNI monotherapy |
| Shostak et al[58] | Lancet Respir Med | BNT162b2 | Lung transplant recipient (168) | 16 days | Anti-spike IgG (18%) | Treatment with mTOR inhibitor or antimetabolites |
| Strauss et al[59] | Liver Transpl | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | LTR (161) | 30 days | Anti-RBD IgG (81%) | Treatment with antimetabolites, vaccination with BNT162b2 vaccine |
| Stumpf et al[60] | Lancet Reg Health Eur | BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 | KTR (368) | 4–5 weeks | SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgA (65%) | Immunosuppressive drug number, vaccination with BNT162b2 vaccine |
Anti-RBD IgG: IgG antibody against receptor-binding domain; Anti-spike IgG: IgG antibody against spike protein; ATG: Antithymocyte globulin; CNI: Calcineurin inhibitors; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; HC: Healthy control; HTR: Heart transplant recipient; Ig: Immunoglobulin; KTR: Kidney transplant recipient; LTR: Liver transplant recipient; MMF: Mycophenolate mofetil; MPA: Mycophenolic acid; mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin; NA: Not available; NAb: Neutralizing antibody; SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; STOR: Solid organ transplantation recipient.