Skip to main content
. 2023 Feb 8;11:1127594. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1127594

FIGURE 3.

FIGURE 3

Osteoinductive property of the engineered EVs. (A) Macroscopic images of alizarin red stained HMSCs cultured for 14 days under the influence of osteogenic differentiation medium with/without control or engineered EV supplementation to analyze calcium deposition. Red staining denotes presence of calcium ions. Cells cultured under growth medium served as background control. (B) Microscopic (10x) images of the groups in (A). Scale bar represents 100 μm. Note the increased presence of calcium in the EV treated groups and the highest level of calcium presence in the 424 EV group. (C) Fold change in expression levels of osteoinductive genes measured by qRT-PCR in 424 EV treated HMSCs (72 h post treatment) with respect to control group. Data are represented as mean fold change ( ± SD). * represents statistical significance with respect to control measured by students t-test, p < 0.05. Note the significant increase in the expression levels of osteoinductive growth and transcription factors.