Table 1.
Demographic data and results of the screening tests of the young and older adult participants.
| Characteristic | Young adults (mean/SD) | Older adults (mean/SD) | t/ꭓ 2 | df | Young vs. old, p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 21.18 (4.43) | 71.56 (6.63) | −32.83 | 51 | <0.001 b |
| Gender (M/F) | 5/23 | 11/14 | 4.28 | 1 | 0.038 c |
| Education (years) | 14.46 (1.32) | 14.68a (2.08) | −0.80 | 50 | 0.425b |
| Handedness (L/R) | 2/26 | 2/23 | 0.01 | 1 | 0.906c |
| Mini-Mental State Examination (min 0 – max 30) | 28.46 (1.29) | 28.64 (1.52) | −0.45 | 51 | 0.651b |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (min 0 – max 30) | 26.71 (2.27) | 26.80 (2.00) | −0.15 | 51 | 0.885b |
| Geriatric Anxiety Scale (min 0–75) | 19.75 (9.99) | 7.12 (5.49) | 5.61 | 51 | <0.001 b |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (min 0–30) | 12.32 (3.40) | 17.92 (1.47) | −7.62 | 51 | <0.001 b |
| Activities of daily living scale (poor 1–6) | 6.00 (0.00) | 5.80 (0.41) | 2.60 | 51 | 0.012 b |
| Instrumental activities of daily living scale (poor 1–8) | 7.18 (1.28) | 7.92 (0.28) | −2.84 | 51 | 0.006 b |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, part A (min 0–12) | 7.38 (1.63) | 7.47 (1.62) | −0.19 | 51 | 0.849b |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, part B (min 0–12) | 11.07 (1.18) | 10.28 (1.43) | 2.20 | 51 | 0.032 b |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Discrimination index (min 0–12) | 11.04 (1.23) | 10.28 (1.43) | 2.07 | 51 | 0.044 b |
| Spot-the-word test (min 0–60) | 28.96 (3.11) | 28.68 (1.25) | 0.43 | 51 | 0.671b |
a
n = 24 as one individual’s educational level was unknown.
b
Independent-samples t-test, t(51).
c
Chi-squared test ꭓ2(1), n = 53.
Bold p-values indicate significant effects (p < 0.05).