Table 2.

List of the main compounds found in SBH and its potential neuroprotective properties.

Compounds	Biological activity (in vivo/ in vitro)	Properties	References
Kaempferol	Kaempferol can inhibit oxidative damage and neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Pan et al. (2020); Ahmed et al. (2021); Liu et al. (2021); Chang et al. (2022); Jafari et al. (2022); Lopez-Sanchez et al. (2022)
	Kaempferol shows neuroprotective effects by reducing neuropathic pain in rats and neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells.	Analgesic, anti-inflammatory
	Kaempferol has neuroprotective effects against Parkinson’s disease model and SH-S5Y5 cells. Kaempferol shows inhibitory effects on oxidative and inflammatory markers.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
	Kaempferol treatment has neuroprotective against neurodegeneration in the striatum and hippocampus of 3-nitropropionic acid (NPA)-induced model.	Antioxidant, improves memory
	The study showed that kaempferol attenuates epileptic seizure severity. After kaempferol treatment, the result shows the downregulation of pro-inflammatory and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the epileptic model.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory
Catechin	The study showed that catechin attenuates epileptic seizure severity. After catechin treatment, the result shows the downregulation of pro-inflammatory and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the epileptic model.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Ahmed et al. (2021)
Phenylalanine	SBH supplementation has the potential to improve spatial memory performances via BDNF signaling	Improves memory, antioxidants	Mustafa et al. (2019)
Chrysin	Chrysin treatment has neuroprotective effects against epileptic rat models by reducing neuronal and oxidative damage.	Antioxidant	Shooshtari et al. (2020); Abd Al Haleem et al. (2021); Zhang et al. (2021)
	Chrysin treatment has neuroprotective effects by attenuating neuronal degeneration, inflammation, and oxidative damage. Besides, also shobehaviordepressant effects by reducing their depressive-like behavior.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant
	The reported that chrysin has neuroprotective effects by improving cognitive impairments, reduces oxidative damage and induces neurons survival rate.	Antioxidant
Apigenin	Apigenin has antidepressant effects on chronic stress model by regulating autophagy.	Antidepressant	Zhang X. et al. (2019); Singh et al. (2021); Yadav et al. (2022)
	The study reported that apigenin has neuroprotective effects on neurotoxicity model by inhibiting apoptotic markers, regulating neurotransmitter, downregulate inflammatory markers and reduces oxidative damage.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory.
	Apigenin shows neuroprotective effects on multiple sclerosis-induced rats by reducing pathological changes and demyelination volume. Moreover, restores abnormal apoptotic markers as well as reduces inflammatory cytokine level and oxidative damages.	Anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
Myricetin	Myricetin has neuroprotective effects on seizure-induced models by regulating molecular pathways involves in epileptogenesis which are BDNF/TrkB, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and GABAA. Besides, it also reduces neuronal damage in hippocampus.	Antioxidant, anti-apoptotic	Sun et al. (2019)
Naringenin	Naringenin has anti-convulsant effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure model.	Anti-convulsant	Copmans et al. (2018); Mokarrami et al. (2022)
	Naringenin has neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s model by improving memory performances, and total neuronal numbers.	Antioxidant, improves memory performances
Caffeic acid	The effects of SBH and caffeic acid have comparable neuroprotective effects against HCHF-induced metabolic syndrome in the rat’s brain	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Arshad et al. (2020); Muhammad Abdul Kadar et al. (2022)
Ferulic acid	Ferulic acid has neuroprotective effects against pentylenetetrazol-induced seizure model by improving learning and memory performances as well as reduces oxidative and neuronal damage.	Improves learning and memory performances,anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic.	Zhang S. -H. et al. (2019); Park et al. (2022)
	The study reported that ferulic acid has neuroprotective effects against Alzheimer’s disease model by reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative damage.	Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant
4-hydroxybenzoic acid	SBH has potential protective roles against LPS-induced rat model. SBH supplementation can potentially attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress via Nrf2, NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Ranneh et al. (2019)
Quercetin	The study showed that catechin attenuates epileptic seizure severity. After catechin treatment, the result shows the downregulation of pro-inflammatory and upregulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the epileptic model.	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory	Ahmed et al. (2021)