Table 3.
List of beneficial properties of different SBH species.
| SBH species | Origin | Biological activity (in vivo/ in vitro) | Properties | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H.itama sp. | Malaysia | SBH can potentially improve cognitive performance by attenuating anxiety and improving the memory performance of high-carbohydrate high fructose (HCHF). The effects of SBH and caffeic acid have comparable neuroprotective effects against HCHF-induced metabolic syndrome in the rat’s brain |
Reduces anxiety, improves memory, Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Arshad et al. (2020); Muhammad Abdul Kadar et al. (2022) |
| Malaysia | SBH reduces the body weight, BMI, adiposity index and organ weight of a high-fat diet obese rat model. Also, SBH can regulate lipid metabolism and hepatoprotective effects in obese rats. | Hepatoprotective | Mohd Rafie et al. (2018) | |
| Malaysia | The study reported that SBH promotes the expression level of collagen type I and metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 in the cellular aging of human dermal fibroblast cells. | Antiaging, antioxidant | Abdul Malik et al. (2020) | |
| Malaysia | The study has reported that SBH inhibits the growth of malignant glioma cells. | Antioxidant, anticancer | Ahmad et al. (2019) | |
| Malaysia | SBH supplementation has the potential to improve spatial memory performances via BDNF signaling | Improves memory, antioxidants | Mustafa et al. (2019) | |
| G.thoracica sp | Malaysia | SBH might have potential protective effects on the pancreas against streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats. | Antidiabetic | Aziz et al. (2017) |
| Tetragonula biroi sp | Indonesia | SBH able to reduce the body weight of streptozotocin-induced diabetic mellitus rats. This might be due to reduction of fats and protein formation. | Antidiabetic | Sahlan et al. (2020) |
| Trigona sp. | Malaysia | SBH has potential protective roles against LPS-induced rat model. SBH supplementation can potentially attenuate inflammation and oxidative stress via Nrf2, NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Ranneh et al. (2019) |
| Malaysia | SBH induces the cell viability of the lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL). The high concentration of phenolic and flavonoid compounds presents in SBH has a protective role against oxidative damage. | Antioxidant | Hazirah et al. (2019) | |
| Malaysia | SBH reduces DNA damages on autism-LCL. This might be due to the antioxidant in SBH thus, prevent oxidative damage. | Antioxidant | Nayan et al. (2020) | |
| Malaysia | SBH has protective effects against oxidative damage in hydrogen peroxide-induced in vitro model and inflammation in LPS-induced in vitro model. | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Ooi et al. (2021) | |
| Malaysia | SBH has potential chemopreventive on colon cancer due to its high antioxidant | Chemopreventive, antioxidant | Saiful Yazan et al. (2016) | |
| Malaysia | SBH produces significant inhibitory effects by controlling the Escherichia coli cell culture growth. | Antimicrobial | Al Kafaween et al. (2019) | |
| Malaysia | SBH induces proliferation and has beneficial effects on the proliferation of dermal fibroblast cells. Therefore, has potential effects in promoting wound healing. | Wound healing | Nordin et al. (2018) | |
| Malaysia | Sbh has protective effects on spermatogenesis process in diabetic rats. | Antioxidant | Budin et al. (2017) |