Figure 4.

(A) SA, (B) JA, (C) ABA, (D) NO, and (E) trypsin inhibitor contents of Medicago sativa inoculated with Rhizophagus intraradices (AM), infected with Phoma medicaginis (P+), and infested with Acyrthosiphon pisum (A+), or non-inoculated with R. intraradices (NM), non-infected with P. medicaginis (P−), and non-infested with A. pisum (A−). All values are the mean ± SEM of four biological replicates. Different letters above bars (A) or pairs of bars (B–E) indicate a significant difference in the comparison at p < 0.05, as determined by Tukey’s HSD test. SEM, standard error of the mean; SA, salicylic acid; JA, jasmonic acid; ABA, abscisic acid; NO, nitrous oxide.