Table 2.
Demographic and clinical details of mothers and children for the full sample and stratified by tertiles of fetal renal volume
| Variables | Full sample | Renal volume | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Blood | Urine | Tertile 1 | Tertile 2 | Tertile 3 | |
| n | 630 | 447 | 433 | 210 | 210 | 210 |
| Mother’s details | ||||||
| Mother’s ethnic group | ||||||
| White | 271 (43.0) | 190 (42.5) | 185 (42.7) | 54 (25.7) | 90 (42.9) | 127 (60.5) |
| South Asian | 332 (52.7) | 240 (53.7) | 228 (52.7) | 150 (71.4) | 109 (51.9) | 73 (34.8) |
| Other | 27 (4.3) | 17 (3.8) | 20 (4.6) | 6 (2.9) | 11 (5.2) | 10 (4.8) |
| Educational attainment | ||||||
| None (< 5 GCSE or equivalent) | 122 (19.4) | 82 (18.3) | 78 (18.0) | 51 (24.3) | 36 (17.1) | 35 (16.7) |
| School (≥ 5 GCSE or equivalent) | 182 (28.9) | 137 (30.7) | 123 (28.4) | 62 (29.5) | 54 (25.7) | 66 (31.4) |
| Further (A level) and higher | 281 (44.6) | 197 (44.1) | 204 (47.1) | 86 (41.0) | 106 (50.5) | 89 (42.4) |
| Others (other, overseas, unknown) | 45 (7.1) | 31 (6.9) | 28 (6.5) | 11 (5.2) | 14 (6.7) | 20 (9.5) |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Married | 479 (76.0) | 339 (75.8) | 334 (77.1) | 177 (84.3) | 164 (78.1) | 138 (65.7) |
| Single (never married, divorced or separated) | 151 (24.0) | 108 (24.2) | 99 (22.9) | 33 (15.7) | 46 (21.9) | 72 (34.3) |
| Housing tenure | ||||||
| Buying/own | 420 (66.7) | 294 (65.8) | 296 (68.4) | 148 (70.5) | 146 (69.5) | 126 (60.0) |
| Renting or other related | 210 (33.3) | 153 (34.2) | 137 (31.6) | 62 (29.5) | 64 (30.5) | 84 (40.0) |
| Employment status during pregnancy | ||||||
| Employed | 313 (49.7) | 211 (47.2) | 220 (50.8) | 85 (40.5) | 110 (52.4) | 118 (56.2) |
| Previously employed | 167 (26.5) | 135 (30.2) | 102 (23.6) | 56 (26.7) | 54 (25.7) | 57 (27.1) |
| Never employed | 150 (23.8) | 101 (22.6) | 111 (25.6) | 69 (32.9) | 46 (21.9) | 35 (16.7) |
| Age at antenatal booking, years | 28.2 ± 5.6 | 28.0 ± 5.6 | 28.6 ± 5.6 | 27.6 ± 5.2 | 28.4 ± 5.6 | 28.7 ± 5.9 |
| % missing | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| BMI at antenatal booking, kg/m2 | 26.7 ± 5.9 | 26.6 ± 5.7 | 26.8 ± 6.1 | 25.3 ± 5.1 | 27.0 ± 5.8 | 27.8 ± 6.3 |
| % missing | 2.5 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.9 |
| Height at antenatal booking, cm | 161.7 ± 6.3 | 161.5 ± 6.3 | 162.0 ± 6.3 | 160.2 ± 6.2 | 161.7 ± 6.0 | 163.1 ± 6.4 |
| % missing | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
| Parity | ||||||
| 0 | 243 (39.5) | 166 (38.2) | 167 (39.7) | 73 (36.0) | 86 (41.8) | 84 (40.8) |
| 1 | 177 (28.8) | 131 (30.1) | 117 (27.8) | 53 (26.1) | 60 (29.1) | 64 (31.1) |
| 2 | 103 (16.8) | 73 (16.8) | 70 (16.6) | 41 (20.2) | 36 (17.5) | 26 (12.6) |
| 3+ | 92 (15.0) | 65 (15.0) | 67 (15.9) | 36 (18.2) | 24 (12.6) | 32 (15.6) |
| % missing | 2.4 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 1.9 | 1.9 |
| Mother smoked during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 556 (88.3) | 387 (86.6) | 391 (90.3) | 192 (91.4) | 185 (88.1) | 179 (85.2) |
| Yes | 74 (11.8) | 60 (13.4) | 42 (9.7) | 18 (8.6) | 25 (11.9) | 31 (14.8) |
| Mother drank alcohol during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 549 (87.1) | 389 (87.0) | 375 (86.6) | 196 (93.3) | 178 (84.8) | 175 (83.3) |
| Yes | 81 (12.9) | 58 (13.0) | 58 (13.4) | 14 (6.7) | 32 (15.2) | 35 (16.7) |
| Gestational diabetes | ||||||
| No | 581 (92.5) | 418 (93.7) | 396 (91.9) | 196 (93.3) | 197 (93.3) | 190 (90.9) |
| Yes | 47 (7.5) | 28 (6.3) | 35 (8.1) | 14 (6.7) | 14 (6.7) | 19 (9.1) |
| % missing | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.5 | - | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Renal measures (scan) | ||||||
| Volume, cm3 | 9.67 ± 2.83 | 9.62 ± 2.82 | 9.65 ± 2.86 | 6.91 ± 0.90 | 9.29 ± 0.61 | 12.80 ± 2.29 |
| Volume/estimated fetal weight, cm3/kg | 4.32 ± 1.13 | 4.31 ± 1.16 | 4.30 ± 1.11 | 3.26 ± 0.49 | 4.22 ± 0.48 | 5.47 ± 0.94 |
| Volume/birth weight, cm3/kg | 2.92 ± 0.78 | 2.91 ± 0.78 | 2.91 ± 0.76 | 2.24 ± 0.39 | 2.87 ± 0.40 | 3.66 ± 0.72 |
| Child’s | ||||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 331 (52.5) | 224 (50.1) | 234 (54.0) | 97 (46.2) | 100 (47.6) | 134 (63.8) |
| Female | 299 (47.5) | 223 (49.9) | 199 (46.0) | 113 (53.8) | 110 (52.4) | 76 (36.2) |
| Gestational age at birth, weeks | 39.8 ± 1.1 | 39.9 ± 1.1 | 39.8 ± 1.1 | 39.7 ± 1.1 | 39.8 ± 1.2 | 39.9 ± 1.2 |
| Birth weight, g | 3323 ± 483 | 3320 ± 464 | 3330 ± 492 | 3131 ± 421 | 3291 ± 454 | 3547 ± 479 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||
| Systolic | 111 ± 12 | 112 ± 12 | 111 ± 12 | 112 ± 11 | 111 ± 12 | 111 ± 12 |
| Diastolic | 70 ± 10 | 70 ± 9 | 70 ± 9 | 70 ± 9 | 71 ± 10 | 69 ± 9 |
| % missing | 4.3 | 2.9 | 5.5 | 5.7 | 1.9 | 5.2 |
| Age at renal measurement, years | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 8.9 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 0.9 | 8.8 ± 0.8 |
| % missing | 0.3 | - | 0.5 | - | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Cystatin C, mg/L | ||||||
| N | 426 | 426 | 239 | 147 | 141 | 138 |
| Mean ± SD | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.82 ± 0.08 |
| Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) (Schwartz creatinine only)* | ||||||
| n | 380 | 380 | 211 | 128 | 125 | 127 |
| Mean ± SD | 116.8 ± 17.3 | 116.8 ± 17.3 | 117.4 ± 16.9 | 114.5 ± 17.1 | 117.4 ± 16.8 | 118.4 ± 17.7 |
| < 60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| eGFR (Schwartz combined formula)* | ||||||
| n | 361 | 361 | 201 | 124 | 118 | 119 |
| Mean ± SD | 91.8 ± 8.8 | 91.8 ± 8.8 | 92.3 ± 8.9 | 89.8 ± 8.7 | 92.1 ± 8.0 | 93.7 ± 9.3 |
| < 60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| eGFR (Zappitelli CystatinC)** | ||||||
| n | 426 | 426 | 239 | 147 | 141 | 138 |
| Mean ± SD | 95.2 ± 10.3 | 95.2 ± 10.3 | 95.5 ± 10.4 | 93.1 ± 10.3 | 96.1 ± 10.1 | 96.6 ± 10.3 |
| < 60 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| eGFR (Filler CystatinC)*** | ||||||
| n | 426 | 426 | 239 | 147 | 141 | 138 |
| Mean ± SD | 153.5 ± 36.5 | 153.5 ± 36.5 | 154.3 ± 36.9 | 146.2 ± 36.0 | 156.3 ± 35.5 | 158.5 ± 37.1 |
| < 60 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | - | - | 1 (0.5) | - |
| Albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) | ||||||
| N | 416 | 238 | 416 | 150 | 127 | 139 |
| Mean ± SD | 0.7 ± 2.5 | 0.8 ± 3.2 | 0.7 ± 2.5 | 0.6 ± 1.0 | 0.6 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 4.2 |
| < 2.5 (M)/<3.5 (F) | 405 (97.4) | 229 (96.2) | 202 (97.4) | 146 (97.3) | 126 (99.2) | 133 (95.7) |
| ≥ 2.5 (M)/ ≥3.5 (F) | 11 (2.6) | 9 (3.8) | 11 (2.6) | 4 (2.7) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (4.3) |
| Protein creatinine ratio (PCR) | ||||||
| n | 392 | 225 | 392 | 142 | 117 | 133 |
| Mean ± SD | 10.5 ± 4.8 | 10.7 ± 5.8 | 10.5 ± 4.8 | 10.4 ± 3.4 | 10.6 ± 2.8 | 10.5 ± 7.1 |
| < 15 | 362 (92.4) | 207 (92.0) | 362 (92.4) | 130 (91.6) | 108 (92.3) | 124 (93.2) |
| ≥ 15 | 30 (7.7) | 18 (8.0) | 30 (7.7) | 12 (8.5) | 9 (7.7) | 9 (6.8) |
| Urinary retinol binding protein (RBP) (mg/L) | ||||||
| < 2 | 429 (99.1) | 247 (98.8) | 429 (99.1) | 155 (100) | 127 (97.0) | 147 (100) |
| 3 | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.2) | - | 1 (0.8) | - |
| Missing/No result | 3 (0.7) | 2 (0.8) | 3 (0.7) | - | 3 (2.3) | - |