Table 4.
Associations of nighttime sleep duration and variability with caregiver- and teacher-rated child executive functioning impairments
| Univariate associations for each independent variable and covariate |
Caregiver-rated executive functioning impairments |
Teacher-rated executive functioning impairments |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | SE | p | β (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Nighttime sleep duration | −0.08 (−0.86, 0.69) | 0.39 | .830 | 0.25 (−0.88, 1.38) | 0.57 | .661 |
| Nighttime sleep variability | 1.17 (−0.97, 3.31) | 1.09 | .283 | 3.74 (1.10, 6.38) | 1.34 | .006 |
| Race and ethnicity:1 Black | −1.23 (−3.53, 1.06) | 1.17 | .290 | 2.95 (−0.02, 5.90) | 1.50 | .050 |
| Other | 1.36 (−2.38, 5.09) | 1.90 | .475 | −1.67 (−6.69, 3.35) | 2.55 | .514 |
| Lower family income | −2.25 (−4.40, −0.10) | 1.10 | .041 | −2.83 (−5.73, 0.07) | 1.50 | .056 |
| Maternal high school education or less | −0.21 (−2.48, 2.06) | 1.16 | .856 | −3.27 (−6.39, −0.15) | 1.59 | .040 |
| Lower neighborhood SES | −0.33 (−2.80, 2.13) | 1.26 | .790 | 3.01 (−0.42, 6.44) | 1.75 | .085 |
| Female gender | −2.00 (−4.11, 0.11) | 1.08 | .063 | −2.57 (−5.3, 0.20) | 1.41 | .069 |
| Age 8-10 years | 0.35 (−2.01, 2.71) | 1.20 | .772 | 2.97 (−0.16, 6.11) | 1.60 | .063 |
| Secondhand smoke | 3.85 (1.61, 6.09) | 1.14 | .001 | 2.91 (−0.13, 5.97) | 1.55 | .061 |
| Prematurity | 2.48 (−0.45, 5.41) | 1.49 | .096 | 0.10 (−4.11, 4.30) | 2.14 | .964 |
| Asthma | 1.79 (−0.49, 4.07) | 1.16 | .123 | 1.52 (−1.43, 4.49) | 1.51 | .316 |
| Obesity | 2.62 (0.39, 4.86) | 1.14 | .021 | 5.17 (2.27, 8.09) | 1.48 | .001 |
| Final models after stepwise analyses2 | Caregiver-rated executive functioning impairments |
Teacher-rated executive functioning impairments |
||||
| β (95% CI) | SE | p | β (95% CI) | SE | p | |
| Nighttime sleep duration | −0.34 (−1.25, 0.58) | 0.46 | .469 | −0.74 (−2.14, 0.66) | 0.71 | .296 |
| Nighttime sleep variability | 1.40 (−1.13, 3.93) | 1.29 | .276 | 4.19 (0.85, 7.52) | 1.70 | .014 |
| Obesity | 2.53 (0.09, 4.96) | 1.23 | .042 | 4.84 (1.72, 8.00) | 1.60 | .002 |
Note. Caregiver- and teacher-rated child executive functioning impairments indexed by caregiver- and teacher-rated BRIEF T scores.
1
White assigned as reference group to reflect relative advantages and privileges afforded to this racial and ethnic group in the United States.
2
Final robust regression models contained only the covariates that were significant at p<.05 in stepwise analyses.