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Proposed mechanisms of extracellular glycogen utilization in Gardnerella spp. Glycogen is digested into malto-oligosaccharides by α-amylase-pullulanase and α-amylase, and these breakdown products are transported inside and can be further digested to glucose by other glycosyl hydrolases, including a previously characterized α-glucosidase enzyme (36). Extracellular glycogen breakdown products can also be utilized by other resident microbiota.
