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. 2023 Feb 22;42:50. doi: 10.1186/s13046-023-02621-4

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — A Dynamic and homeostatic control of neutrophils. Legend: Neu: neutrophil. Without any immune stimulation, the neutrophil level in the blood is controlled by a balance between input from bone marrow and cell survival, which is regulated by cytokines, such as G-CSF, IL-23, and IL-17. The homeostasis is disrupted by immune stimulation, as observed in inflammation. B Dynamic and homeostatic control of monocytes. Legend: Classic, Int, and non-classic: classical, intermediate, and non-classical monocytes, respectively. Without immune stimulation, monocyte levels in the blood result from a balance among inputs from the bone marrow, cell survival, and differentiation into long-lived monocytes. The homeostasis is disrupted by immune stimulation, as observed in inflammation