Table 3.

Bi-directional MR results of the causal effects between gut microbiome and cancer risk (p < 5×10⁻⁸)

Cancer type (exposure)	Gut microbiota (outcome)	Method	Number of SNPs	β	SE	p-value	Correct causal direction	Steiger p-value
Prostate Cancer	Genus Roseburia	IVW	23	−0.86	0.37	1.97×10−2	True	1.49×10−12
Oropharyngeal Cancer	Genus Turicibacter	Wald ratio	1	79.16	33.11	1.68×10−2	True	8.69×10−6
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer	Genus Tyzzerella3	Wald ratio	1	−0.16	0.06	1.14×10−2	True	4.48×10−5
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer	Genus Parasutterella	Wald ratio	1	0.11	0.04	8.04×10−3	True	3.19×10−7
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer	Genus Tyzzerella3	Wald ratio	1	−0.16	0.06	1.14×10−2	True	4.48×10−5
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer	Genus Parasutterella	Wald ratio	1	0.12	0.04	8.03×10−3	True	3.19×10−7
Lung Cancer	Order Lactobacillales	IVW	2	−14.06	6.52	3.10×10−3	False	0.46
Lung Cancer	Order Lactobacillales	IVW	2	−14.42	6.51	2.67×10−2	False	0.48
Lung Adenocarcinoma	Genus Tyzzerella3	IVW	2	−0.17	0.05	1.02×10−3	True	1.55×10−9
ER+ Breast Cancer	Genus Eubacterium eliGens Group	IVW	7	−0.04	0.02	4.80×10−2	True	1.05×10−65
Breast Cancer	Genus Oxalobacter	IVW	47	0.08	0.04	2.51×10−3	True	6.01×10−66