Fig. 3.

Osteogenic properties of composite hydrogel-loaded human urine-derived stem cell exosomes in vitro. （A）Live/dead assay and (B) CCK8 assay demonstrate the biocompatibility of composite hydrogels with various HAMA ratios co-cultured with BMSCs.(C) Fluorescently labelled exosomes can be internalized by BMSCs, observed by laser confocal scanning microscopy. (D) Alizarin red staining and （G）semi-quantitative results in co-culture for 14 days. (E) Alkaline phosphatase staining and (H) semi-quantitative results in co-culture for 3 days. (F) Crystalline violet staining and (I) semi-quantitative results of Transwell chambers in co-culture for 12 ​h. (J–L) Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction to detect the expression level of osteogenesis-related genes in co-culture for 14 days. Data are shown as mean ​± ​standard error (n ​= ​3). (∗p ​< ​0.05, ∗∗p ​< ​0.01, ∗∗∗p ​< ​0.001.). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)