Table 4.  .

Examples of repurposed drugs

S. No.	Drug	Discovered	Repurposed	Ref.
1	Amiloride	Acid-sensing ion channel antagonist	Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)	[26]
2	Anastrazole	Ovulation induction	Breast cancer	[9]
3	Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and statins	Antihypertensives	Effective against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [Few controversies are seen apart from promising results]	[27]
4	Aripiprazole	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
5	Artesunate	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
6	Aspirin and ibuprofen	Inflammation	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
7	Atorvastatin (generic Lipitor)	Hyper-cholesterolaemia	Cavernous angioma	[26]
8	Auranofin	Rheumatoid arthritis	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
9	Avermectin B1a	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
10	Azathioprine	Crohn’s disease	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
11	Bacitracin	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
12	Benzbromarone	Vasodilator	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
13	Bithionate disodium	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
14	Bleomycin	Antitumor	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
15	Bromperidol	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
16	Broxyquinoline	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
17	Capecitabine	Colon cancer	Breast cancer	[9]
18	Carboplatin	Antitumor	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
19	Celecoxib	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
20	Chloroquine	Anti-malarial	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
21	Cisplatin	Antitumor	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
22	Clarithromycin	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
23	Clarithromycin, pioglitazone, and treosulfan	Antibiotic Antidiabetic	Non-small cell lung cancer	[29]
24	Clomiphene	Fertility	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
25	Cyclophosphamide	As immuno-modulator in autoimmune diseases	Breast cancer	[9]
26	Cyclosporine	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
27	Dacarbazine	Antitumor	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
28	Daunorubicin	Acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and Kaposi’s sarcoma	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
29	Dexpramipexole	ALS and other neurological diseases: phase 3 trials did not meet the endpoint	Hypereosinophilic syndromes	[26]
30	Diazepam	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
31	Digoxin	Treatment for cardiac diseases	Anticancer	[30]
32	Dihydroartemisinin	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
33	Disulfiram (Antabuse)	Reduces ethanol tolerance in alcoholism	Metastatic breast cancer & Alzheimer’s disease	[26]
34	Docetaxel	Hormone-refractory prostate cancer	Breast cancer and active against fungal biofilms	[9, 28]
35	Doxepin	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	28]
36	Doxorubicin	Antibiotic from Streptomyces peucetiusbacterium,	Bladder, breast, stomach, lung, ovarian, and thyroid cancers	[9, 25]
37	Ebastine	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
38	Ebselen	Bipolar disorder and ischemic stroke	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
39	Edaravone	Neuroprotective agent in acute ischemic stroke and ALS	Multiple sclerosis	[26]
40	Eltrombopag	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
41	Esketamine (S enantiomer of ketamine)	Intravenous anesthetic	Treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (TRD)	[31]
42	Etodolac	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
43	Everolimus (Votubia, Evertor)	Immunosuppressants during organ transplants, wound healing	Breast cancer	[9]
44	Exemestane	Ovulation induction	Breast cancer	[9]
45	Favipiravir	Inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of virus (Antiviral drug)	Effective against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [More studies ae required]	[27, 34]
46	Fenofibrate	Reduces, triglyceride-rich particles (LDL) in plasma	Reduces macrophage recruitment in abdominal aortic aneurysm	[26]
47	Finasteride	Benign prostatic hyperplasia	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
48	Floxuridine	Colorectal cancer	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
49	Fluorouracil	Keratoacanthomas, actinic keratosis, and skin warts	Breast cancer	[9]
50	Fluorouracil	Solid tumors	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
51	Fluoxetine	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant, Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)	Active against fungal biofilms, secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)	[28, 26 ]
52	Fluvastatin	Lipid-lowering	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
53	Fulvestrant	Antiestrogen	Breast cancer	[9]
54	Gallium nitrate	Lymphoma and bladder cancer	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
55	Gemcitabine	Anti-viral drug	Breast cancer	[9]
56	Goserelin	Prostate cancer, uterine fibroids, assisted reproduction	Breast cancer	[9]
57	γ-Secretase inhibitors (GSI)	Alzheimer disease: prevent amyloid precursor cleavage	Several inhibitors are being tested against a variety of cancers	[26]
58	Human Albumin	Blood additive	Immuno-restoration	[26]
59	Hydroxychloroquine	Antimalarial	Antiviral drug (HIV, Chicken guinea, dengue, SARS-CoV-2)	[34]
60	Imipramine	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
61	Iodoquinol	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
62	Itraconazole	Antifungal	Anticancer	[30]
63	Ivermectin	Anti-parasitic	Effective against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) [safe in conventional doses]	[27]
64	Ketoprofen	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
65	Ketorolac	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
66	Letrozole	Ovulation induction	Breast cancer	[9]
67	Lopinavir/ritonavir	Antiviral drug	Effective against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Drug needs to be further investigated]	[27, 34]
68	Lorazepam	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
69	Losartan	Blood pressure reduction	Alzheimer disease	[26]
70	Lovastatin	Lipid-lowering	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
71	Loxapine	Antipsychotic and antischizophrenia	Irritability associated with autism	[26]
72	Mebendazole	Antiparasitic/Helminthiasis/Anti-infective	Brain cancer (i.e., medulloblastoma and glioblastoma)/Antibacterial and antifungal/Active against fungal biofilms	[25, 28, 29]
73	Meloxicam	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
74	Metformin	Diabetes	Anti-nonsmall cell lung cancer, and augmented resistance in aging, Colo rectal cancer	[26, 32]
75	Methotrexate	Leukemia	Breast cancer	[9]
76	Mibefradil (Posicor)	Antihypertensive, calcium channel blocker	Short term use as an adjuvant in cancer therapy	[26]
77	Midazolam	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
78	Mifepristone	Emergency contraceptive	Cushing’s syndrome	[29]
79	Mycophenolic acid	Immunosuppressant	Anticancer	[30]
80	Nelfinavir	HIV protease inhibitor	Solid tumors	[26]
81	Niclosamide	Helminthiasis/Anti-infective	Antibacterial and antifungal and active against fungal biofilms Treats multidrug-resistant leukemia	[25, 28, 33]
82	Nitazoxanide	Antiprotozoal agent	Influenza	[26]
83	Nitroxoline	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
84	Nortriptyline	Antipsychotic/Antidepressant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
85	Oxyclozanide	Helminthiasis	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
86	Paclitaxel	Ovarian cancer, atrial restenosis	Breast cancer	[9]
87	Pentetic acid	Hypocalcaemia	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
88	Perhexiline maleate	Anti-anginal	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
89	Phenobarbitone	Anticonvulsant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
90	Pimozide	Severe Tourette’s syndrome and schizophrenia	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
91	Promethazine	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
92	Propanolol	Antiarrhythmic	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
93	Pyrvinium pamoate	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
94	Quinacrine	Helminthiasis	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
95	Raloxifene	Osteoporosis in postmenopausal women	Breast cancer	[9]
96	Rapamune	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
97	Remdesvir	Inhibitors of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in virus (Antiviral drug)	Effective against SARS-CoV-2	[27, 34]
98	Ribavirin	Antiviral drug	Effective against SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19)	[27, 34]
99	Rifampicin	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
100	Riluzol	Glutamate antagonist	Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS)	[26]
101	Saracatinib	Cancer therapy	Mild to moderate Alzheimer disease	[26]
102	Sildenafil (Viagra)	Angina	Erectile dysfunction,	[29]
103	Silymarin	Anti-hepatotoxic	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
104	Simvastatin	Hyper-cholesterolemia (Lipid-lowering)	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25, 28]
105	Sirolimus and Zoledronic acid	Prophylaxis of organ rejection, Osteoporosis respectively	Osteosarcoma (combined with Metzolimos, metronomic cyclophosphamide, methotrexate)	[29]
106	Statins	Hyper-cholesterolaemia	Oncology	[26]
107	Streptozotocin	Pancreatic islet cell cancer	Antibacterial and antifungal	[25]
108	Sulfadiazine	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
109	Sulfadimethoxine	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
110	Sulfamethoxazole	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
111	Sulfamethoxy-pyridazine	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
112	Tacrolimus	Anti-inflammatory/Immunomodulatory	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
113	Tamoxifen	Breast cancer, Albright syndrome, ovulation induction	Antibacterial and antifungal	[9, 25]
114	Teicoplanin	Antibacterial	Antiviral, potentially repurposable for COVID-19 treatment	[27]
115	Telmisartan	Blood pressure reduction	Abdominal aortic aneurysm	[26]
116	Thalidomide	Antiemetic	Hanson’s disease, Leprosy	[26]
117	Thiotepa	Immunosuppressant	Breast cancer	[9]
118	Tigecycline	Anti-infective	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
119	Tocilizumab	Immunosuppressive drug for cytokine release syndrome	Severe COVID-19 infection	[27, 34]
120	Toremifene	Infertility with an ovulatory disorder	Breast cancer	[9]
121	Valproic acid	Anticonvulsant	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
122.	Verapamil	Antiarrhythmic	Active against fungal biofilms	[28]
123.	Vinblastine	Hodgkin lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, histiocytosis	Breast cancer	[9]
124.	Yohimbine hydrochloride	Vasodilator	Active against fungal Biofilms	[28]