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. 2023 Feb 22;14:993. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36637-3

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — The workflow of the ASGARD pipeline. Diseased and normal cells are paired according to “anchor” genes that are expressed consistently between the two types of cells. The differentially expressed (DE) genes are identified between diseased and normal cells, either within a cluster or within a cell type. Using the consistent DE genes as the input, potential drugs that significantly reverse the pattern of DE genes are identified, using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) test with Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment. Next ASGARD estimates and ranks the drug scores for single drugs, by targeting specific cell cluster(s) or all cell clusters.