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. 2023 Jan 23;120(5):e2208344120. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2208344120

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

Antidepressants induce multidrug resistance. (A) Schematic design of the experiment. (B) Antidepressant sertraline increases ratio of resistant cell number to total cell number on chloramphenicol-, tetracycline-, ciprofloxacin-, and amoxicillin-selective plates. (C) Sertraline-induced mutants show enhancement on MICs toward multiple antibiotics. MIC fold changes higher than four folds were defined as significant enhancement (dotted red lines). Red bar: MIC fold changes higher than 4, gray bar: MIC fold changes less than 4, blue bar: the tested antibiotic same as the antibiotic-selective plate, no bar: no MIC fold change. (D) Fold change of ratio of resistant cell number to total cell number induced by the highest concentration of the other four antidepressants tested (100 mg/L agomelatine, 100 mg/L bupropion, 100 mg/L escitalopram, and 50 mg/L duloxetine). Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3 independent experiments. Significant differences between antidepressant-dosed samples and the non-antidepressant control are analyzed by independent sample t test with Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparison testing, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. See also SI Appendix, Figs. S1 and S2.