Fig. 5.

Antidepressants sertraline and duloxetine enhance bacterial persistence toward antibiotic ciprofloxacin. (A) Fold changes of absolute persister number when exposing wild-type E. coli to sertraline or duloxetine for 1 d. (B) Fold changes of ratio of persister number to total cell number when exposing wild-type E. coli to sertraline or duloxetine for 1 d. (C) Fold changes of absolute persister number when exposing wild-type E. coli to sertraline or duloxetine for a consecutive 5 d. (D) Fold changes of ratio of persister number to total cell number when exposing wild-type E. coli to sertraline or duloxetine for a consecutive 5 d. (E) Log₂ fold changes of key genes/proteins related to bacterial persistence global regulator when exposing wild-type E. coli to 50 mg/L sertraline or duloxetine. Protein names are shown in purple font. (F) Log₂ fold changes of detected genes relating to bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules when exposing wild-type E. coli to 50 mg/L sertraline or duloxetine. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n = 3 independent experiments. Significant differences between antidepressant-dosed samples and the non-antidepressant control are analyzed by independent sample t test with Benjamini–Hochberg multiple comparison testing, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. See also SI Appendix, Fig. S5.