Table 1.

Preventative Phase Strategies

Recommended Strategy	Frequency of Mention	Examples Provided by Participants for General Recommendations [Participant Code (P)]
Personalised care (ie personalisation of approach)	35	Individualised care plans made in collaboration with care home staff. Recognising individual triggers for distressed behaviour and how to prevent these occurring [Participant 17]; Knowing the person. [P20]
Training and supervision	23	Communication skills training. [P19]; Training the professionals, carers and family carers. [P21]; Proper supervision for care staff to unpick situations and learn. [P3]
Life story	13	Life story approaches – using knowledge about person to improve care (music, pets, etc.) [P1]
Named frameworks and formulations (DCM, Newcastle model, PAC, CLEAR, CEASE, CQC, CAIT, Montessori, Maslow, Nolan, Stirling, NLP, Human Rights)	12 models suggested	Dementia Care Mapping (DCM) [P20]; Use formulation on inpatient units (Newcastle model). [P2]; Positive Approaches to Care (PAC) [P23]; CEASE model and checklist [P 14]; Sharing relevant information in a concise and understandable way with all relevant staff (CLEAR). [P26]
Therapies (music, doll, reminiscence, aromatherapy, art, gardening, playlist for life, physical activity)	9 therapies identified	Any strategy to maintain wellbeing, eg good communication, music, dolls, art etc. see WHELD. [P2] Aromatherapy, doll therapy, music therapy, valuing/respecting human rights. [P16]
Environment manipulation	9	Varied and interesting environments. [P24]
Communication & interaction	7	Positive words, communication and engagement [P1]; Appropriate communication strategies. [P25]
Interpersonal relationships	7	Behavioural intervention guidelines: listen, empathise, patience, positive language. [P7]
Activity & occupation	6	Meaningful occupation (eg cleaning). [P17]
Identification of triggers	6	Review environment for possible triggers. [P29]
ABC charts	4	ABC charts. [P22]
Physical health, including pain management	4	Biopsychosocial assessment (physical health checks) [P12]; Monitoring physical health, including dental pain, constipation, hearing, vision. [P20]
Identifying needs	3	Individual assessment of need. [P10]
Meet spiritual needs	2	Know about the life stories, job, hobbies/ family/ spirituality/ cultural. [P8]
De-prescribe medication	2	De-prescribe [P12]
Human Rights perspective	2	Valuing/respecting human rights. [P16]
Promote wellbeing	2	Use of wellbeing scales [P22]

Abbreviations: CAIT,⁴² Communication and Interaction Training; CEASE, Comfort, Environment, Activity, Social contact; Engage;⁴⁷ CLEAR Cognition, Life story, Emotional/physical wellbeing, Activity, Relationships;⁴⁸ CQC, Care Quality Commission; DCM, Dementia Care Mapping;³⁷ PAC,⁴¹ Positive Approach to Care; NLP, Neurolinguistic programming; WHELD.⁴⁹