Table 2.
Multivariate Logistic Regression for Eye Exam in Last 12 Months for US Adults Ages 18 Years and Older with Diabetes (Non-Gestational)
| Eye Exam, Past 12m | |
|---|---|
| Yes (=1) No (=0) | |
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |
| Male | Reference |
| Female* | 1.29 (1.05–1.58) |
| Geographic region | |
| West | Reference |
| South | 1.18 (0.88–1.57) |
| Midwest* | 1.39 (1.01–1.92) |
| Northeast | 1.17 (0.81–1.67) |
| Urban-rural classification | |
| Large fringe metropolitan | Reference |
| Non-metropolitan | 0.81 (0.61–1.09) |
| Small metropolitan | 0.86 (0.66–1.12) |
| Large central metropolitan | 1.13 (0.85–1.51) |
| Use of Veterans’ Affairs healthcare* | 2.15 (1.34–3.44) |
| Insurance | |
| Uninsured | Reference |
| Private, Medicare Advantage, and other* | 3.66 (2.42–5.53) |
| Medicare only excluding Medicare Advantage* | 3.18 (1.95–5.30) |
| Dual eligible* | 3.88 (2.21–6.79) |
| Medicaid and other public* | 3.04 (1.89–4.88) |
| Insurance (all ages) | |
| High deductible health plan (HDHP) | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) |
| Education | |
| College degree or higher | Reference |
| Some college/associates degree | 0.83 (0.63–1.10) |
| High school grad or GED* | 0.62 (0.47–0.81) |
| <High school* | 0.66 (0.48–0.92) |
| Unable to pay medical bills | 0.74 (0.55–1.01) |
| Eating less than needed due to cost | 0.88 (0.59–1.29) |
| Has a usual place to go for healthcare* | 3.89 (2.16–7.01) |
Note: *P<0.05.
Abbreviation: GED, general educational development – a high school equivalency degree.