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. 2023 Feb 18;18:249–261. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S388160

Table 3.

Association Between CFS Degree and All-Cause Mortality, All-Cause Readmission, LOS, Adverse Discharge Destination, and Functional Decline

Study CFS Variable Control Factors Outcome (95% CI)
Anand et al 202028 CFS (discrete)* Age, sex, comorbidity, cardiovascular risk

  • All-cause mortality at 12 months post-discharge HR 1.72 (1.37–2.16)
Bagshaw et al 201443 CFS (dichotomous)
CFS groups (i.e. mild, moderate, severe)		 Age, sex, comorbidity, severity of illness, hospital type

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 1.81 (1.09–3.01). All-cause mortality at 12 months post-discharge HR 1.82 (1.28–2.60), in CFS 4 HR 1.86 (1.15–3.00), CFS 5 HR 2.31 (1.30–4.10), CFS 6–8 HR 2.77 (1.67–4.58).

  • Adverse discharge destination ** OR 1.98 (1.22–3.23)

  • Functional decline at 12 months post-discharge OR 2.25 (1.03–4.89)
Basic & Shanley 201544 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 2.44 (1.77–3.36) and OR 2.97 (2.11–4.17)

  • LOS HR 0.88 (0.82–0.94) and HR 0.87 (0.81–0.93)
Chan et al 201929 CFS (dichotomous)
CFS (discrete)*		 Age, sex, time to surgery, mode of anesthesia

  • Death or discharge to a nursing home OR 23.0 (3.0–173.5)

  • LOS in CFS 4 RR 1.4 (1.2–1.6), in CFS 5 RR 1.6 (1.4–1.7), in CFS 6; RR 2.2 (2.0–2.4)
Cheung et al 201730 CFS (dichotomous) Age, severity of injury, comorbidity

  • Death or discharge to long-term care, chronic care, or another acute facility OR 5.1 (2.0–13.2)
Chong et al 201731 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 2.57 (1.14–5.83)
Chong et al 201832 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 3.69 (1.19–11.43), at 6 months OR 4.37 (2.44–7.83), and 12 months OR 5.78 (3.19–10.48)

  • Functional decline at 12 months OR 1.35 (1.09–1.81)

  • Institutionalization or death at 6 months OR 3.14 (1.94–5.07)

  • Institutionalization or death at 12 months OR 3.69 (2.31–5.88)
Chua et al 202045 CFS (dichotomous)
CFS groups (i.e. mild, moderate, severe)		 Age, sex, comorbidity, discharge placement

  • All-cause mortality at 6 months HR 1.27 (1.05‐1.53)

  • All-cause mortality at 6 months CFS7–8 HR 2.09 (1.01‐4.33)
Curtis et al 201846 CFS (discrete)* Age, consciousness at hospital admission

  • All-cause mortality at three months OR 1.56 (1.39–1.73)

  • Adverse discharge destination OR 1.54 (1.4–1.7)
Darvall et al 201947 CFS (dichotomous)
CFS (discrete)*		 Sex, region, hospital type, and severity of illness

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 1.87 (1.65–2.11)

  • Adverse discharge destination **OR 1.61 (1.34–1.95)
Darvall et al 202048 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, admission source, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 5.43 (1.15–25.59), at 1 month OR 4.30 (1.09–16.98), and 6 months OR 3.28 (1.54–6.96)

  • All-cause readmission within 30 days OR 3.70 (1.46–9.41)

  • Adverse discharge destination RR 2.66 (1.15–6.13), OR 3.70 (1.46–9.41)
Ekerstad et al 201133 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, previous myocardial infarction, ejection fraction, diabetes, cardiovascular risk, classification of myocardial infarction, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality at 1 month OR 4.7 (1.7–13.0)

  • Death or discharge to a long-term care facility OR 2.2 (1.3–3.7)
Ekerstad et al 201434 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, previous myocardial infarction, ejection fraction, diabetes, cardiovascular risk, classification of myocardial infarction, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality at 12 months HR 4.3 (2.4–7.8)
Ekerstad et al 201835 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, ejection fraction, cardiovascular risk, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality at end of follow-up HR 2.06 (1.51–2.81)
Ellis et al 202036 CFS (discrete)* Age, sex, delirium, laboratory tests

  • All-cause mortality at end of follow-up HR 1.39 (1.28–1.51)

  • All-cause readmission within 30 days HR 1.26 (1.17–1.37)

  • LOS RR 1.43 (1.35–1.52)

  • Adverse discharge destination **OR 1.30 (1.16–1.47)
Evans et al 201949 CFS (discrete)* Thrombolysis, illness severity

  • All-cause mortality at 1 month OR 1.03 (1.01–1.05)
Fernando et al 201937 CFS (dichotomous) Age, long-term care recipient, illness severity, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 1.81 (1.34–2.49)

  • All-cause readmission within 30 days OR 1.83 (1.38–2.34)
Flaatten et al 201750 CFS groups (i.e. mild, moderate, severe) Age, sex, illness severity

  • All-cause mortality at 1 month in CFS 4; HR 1.19 (1.03–1.38), CFS ≥5 HR 1.54 (1.38–1.73)
Fronczek et al 201851 CFS (dichotomous) Illness severity, urgency

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 2.25 (1.26–4.01)
Guidet et al 202052 CFS (discrete)* Age, admission source, urgency, illness severity, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality at one month HR 1.11 (1.09–1.15)
Lewis et al 201938 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, comorbidity, urgency

  • Death, poor or fair self-reported health, poor or fair quality of life, new presentation to an emergency department, or need for community services OR 2.20 (1.55–3.12)
Li et al 201839 CFS (discrete)*
CFS groups (i.e. mild, moderate, severe)		 Age, sex, type of surgery

  • All-cause readmission or death within 30 days OR 1.35 (1.03–1.77), at 6 months OR 1.39 (1.11–1.75)

  • Death or readmission at 1-month CFS 3–4 OR 4.60 (1.29–16.45), CFS >5 OR 4.51 (1.13–17.94), and at 6 months CFS 3–4 OR 2.15 (1.01–4.55), CFS >5 OR 3.27 (1.32–8.12)

  • 30-day readmission CFS 3–4 OR 4.23 (1.20–14.97), CFS >5 OR 3.97 (1.00–15.78)
MacKenzie et al 201953 CFS groups (i.e. mild, moderate, severe) Sex, admission glucose

  • All-cause mortality in hospital CFS 6 OR 3.9 (1.2–12.4)

  • All-cause mortality in hospital CFS ≥7 OR 16.6 (5.4–50.9)

  • LOS CFS 5 OR 2.1 (1.0–4.2), CFS 6 OR 3.6 (1.8–7.3), CFS >7 OR 2.5 (1.1–5.6)
Moore et al 201840 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, delirium, living alone, discharged to a higher level of care

  • LOS OR 1.74 (1.15–2.63), ie, discharge occurring >24 h after last recorded clinical fit date
Ritt et al 201741 CFS (discrete)* Age, sex, comorbidity, disability (IADL/ADL)

  • All-cause mortality at 12 months HR 3.67 (2.59–5.19)
Silva-Obregon et al 202054 CFS (dichotomous) Sex, comorbidity, illness severity, treatment intensity, complications

  • All-cause mortality in hospital HR 4.44 (1.72–11.45), at 1 month HR 6.07 (1.76–20.89), at 3 months HR 4.08 (1.54–10.79), at 6 months HR 4.30 (1.74–10.65), at t12 months HR 4.04 (1.65–9.89)
Sze et al 201755 CFS (discrete)* Malnourishment

  • All-cause mortality at end of follow-up HR 1.56 (1.35–1.81)
Ticinesi et al 201956 CFS groups (i.e. mild, moderate, severe) Comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality at end of follow-up CFS >7; RR 2.0 (1.1–3.8)
Wallis et al 201542 CFS (dichotomous) Age, sex, comorbidity

  • All-cause mortality in hospital OR 1.60 (1.48–1.74)

  • LOS OR 1.19 (1.14–1.23)

  • Adverse discharge destination **OR 1.33 (1.24–1.42)

Notes: *CFS used as a discrete variable meant that each point increase in CFS score predicted an increased risk or probability of the adverse health outcome of interest. **Adverse discharge destinations included nursing homes, residential care, hospitalization, or higher level of care.

Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval.