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. 2023 Feb 8;14:1082911. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1082911

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Copyright © 2023 Luo, Liu, Bian and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The Six1 deletion mice resulted in craniofacial deformity. (A) Lateral view (top) and frontal (bottom) gross morphology of E18.5 heads of the Six1 ^−/−, Six1 ± and Six1 ^+/+ embryos. Six1 ^−/− embryos exhibit short mandible and classical abnormal curve between nose and forehead (white arrowhead). (B) Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Alcian blue staining of sagittal sections (top) and frontal (bottom) sections of Six1 ^−/−, Six1 ^+/− and Six1 ^+/+ embryo at E16.5. Six1 ^−/− embryos display a short mandible, ankyloglossia (black arrow), and uvula deformity (white star). (C) Skeletal staining of E18.5 mandible of the Six1 ^−/− and Six1 ^+/+ embryo. Six1 ^−/− mice exhibit a shortened mandible. L: length of mandible. (D) Skeletal alizarin red and Alcian blue staining of E18.5 heads (top) and body (bottom) of the Six1 ^−/−, Six1 ^+/− and Six1 ^+/+ embryo. The black arrowhead points to bifurcated ribs. (E) Quantification of the mandibular length from Six1 ^−/−, Six1 ^+/− and Six1 ^+/+ embryos at E18.5.