Table 1.
Overview of the exposure variables included in the pregnancy and childhood exposome
| Exposure group | Individual exposure variables | Number of variables | |
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Pregnancy | Childhood | ||
| Atmospheric pollutants | NO2, PM2.5, PM10, PMabs at home address. Averaged over pregnancy and year before visit in childhood | 4 | 4 |
| UV | Ambient ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels at home address. Averaged over month before visit during childhood. Not available during pregnancy. | 0 | 1 |
| Surrounding natural spaces | Average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within a 100 m buffer; presence of a major green space in a distance of 300 m; presence of a major blue space in a distance of 300 m. Home and school address during childhood. | 3 | 6 |
| Meteorology | Temperature, humidity, pressure at home address. Pressure not available during childhood. Averaged over pregnancy and month before visit during childhood. | 3 | 2 |
| Built environment | Population density, building density, street connectivity, access to bus public transport (lines and stops), facility richness (pregnancy only) and density, Land Use Evenness Index and walkability index in a 300 m buffer. Home and school address during childhood (walkability only at home address). | 9 | 15 |
| Traffic | Total traffic load of roads in a 100 m buffer (pregnancy and home), total traffic load of major roads in a 100 m buffer (home and school), traffic density on nearest road (pregnancy and home) and inverse distance to nearest road (pregnancy and home). | 3 | 5 |
| Road traffic noise | 24-hour road noise levels (pregnancy, and home and school during childhood). Night time noise levels for home during childhood. | 1 | 3 |
| OCs | Blood concentrations of DDE,DDT,HCB,PCB(118,138,153,170,180) | 8 | 8 |
| PBDE | Blood concentrations of PBDE47, PBDE153 | 2 | 2 |
| PFASs | Blood concentrations of PFOA, PFNA, PFUNDA, PFHxS, PFOS | 5 | 5 |
| Metals and elements | Blood concentrations of As, Cd, Co,Cs, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Tl | 10 | 10 |
| Phthalate metabolites | Urine concentrations of MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, OHMiNP, OXOMiNP | 10 | 10 |
| Phenols | Urine concentrations of MEPA, ETPA, BPA, PRPA, BUPA, OXBE, TRCS | 7 | 7 |
| OP pesticide metabolites | Urine concentrations of DMP,DMTP,DMDTP (childhood only),DEP,DETP | 4 | 5 |
| Tobacco smoking | Urine concentration of cotinine (pregnancy and childhood), active/passive smoking during pregnancy, number of cigarettes during pregnancy, parental smoking and passive smoking during childhood. | 3 | 3 |
| Water DBPs | THM, choloroform, brominated THMs | 3 | 0 |
| Indoor air pollution | NO2, TEX, Benzene, PM2.5, PMabs | 0 | 5 |
| Lifestyle | Diet, physical activity, breastfeeding duration, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, pets | 12 | 27 |
| Socio-economic capital | Family affluence score, social contact, social participation, house crowding | 0 | 4 |
|
| |||
| 87 | 122 | ||
Abbreviations used: Home: childhood home address; School: childhood school address; NO2, nitrogen dioxide; PM2.5, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm; PM10, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of lessthan10μm; PMabs, absorbance of PM2.5filters; UV, ultraviolet; NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; DDE, 4,4’dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene; DDT, 4,4’dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; HCB, hexachlorobenzene; PCB, polychlorinated biphenyl; PBDE, polybrominateddiphenyl ether; PFOA, perfluorooctanoate; PFNA, perfluorononanoate; PFUNDA, perfluoroundecanoate; PHFxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate; As, arsenic; Cd, cadmium; Co, cobalt; Cs, caesium; Cu, copper; Hg, mercury; Mn, manganese; Mo, molybdenum; Pb, lead; Tl, thallium; MEP, monoethyl phthalate; MiBP, mono-iso-butyl phthalate; MnBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; MBzP, mono benzyl phthalate; MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEHHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate; MEOHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl phthalate; MECPP, mono-2-ethyl 5-carboxypentyl phthalate; OHMiNP, mono-4-methyl-7-hydroxyoctyl phthalate; OXOMiNP, mono-4-methyl-7-oxooctyl phthalate; MEPA, methyl paraben; ETPA, ethyl paraben; BPA, bisphenol A; PRPA, propyl paraben; BUPA, N-butyl paraben; OXBE, oxybenzone; TRCS, triclosan; DMP, dimethyl phosphate; DMTP, dimethyl thiophosphate; DMDTP, dimethyl dithiophosphate; DEP, diethyl phosphate; DETP, diethyl thiophosphate; THMs, trihalomethanes; TEX, toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene.