Table.

Key research gaps to improve maternal and infant immunization strategies.

Vaccine responses during Pregnancy	Pregnancy-associated changes in the magnitude and quality of T and B cell immunity to pathogens and responses to vaccines
	Impact of repeated immunization with each pregnancy
	Potential to improve/modulate vaccine responses through formulation/dose/route
	Influence of co-morbidities, including chronic maternal infections, on vaccine responses
Maternal antibody transfer	Mechanism of selective transfer of maternal antibodies across the placenta
	Quality and function of maternal antibodies transferred through breast-feeding
	Impact of co-morbidities (including chronic maternal infections) on antibody transfer
Interactions of maternal antibodies with the infant immune system	Interactions between maternal antibodies and infant innate immune system for pathogen control
	Impact of maternal antibodies on magnitude and quality of infant T and B cell responses to vaccines
Systems biology of maternal and infant immunity	Cellular and molecular determinants of vaccine responses during pregnancy and infancy
	Maternal determinants of infant vaccine responses, beyond antibodies
	Role of the microbiome in regulating vaccine responses in pregnancy and infancy