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. 2023 Feb 21;62(3):42. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2023.5490

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Identification of compounds that can induce the death of hepatocellular carcinoma cells using high-throughput screening. (A) Flow chart of the high-throughput screening of 1,444 TCM monomer compounds. (B) Viability of HCCLM3 cells exposed to the drug candidate library. Each point represents the percentage of cell viability following treatment with the compounds at a concentration of 10 µM. The dots located in the red box indicate cell viability of <30%. (C) Viability of the Huh7 cells exposed to 20 compounds (Fig. S1A and B). (D) The Venn diagram intersection method was used to obtain a TCM monomer which exerts potent cytotoxic effects on HCCLM3 and Huh7 cells. (E) Viability of HCCLM3 and Huh7 cells exposed to PPVI and β-lapachone. (F) Chemical structure of PPVI. (G and H) Viability of HCCLM3 and Huh7 cells treated with increasing concentrations of PPVI. (I) Viability of hepatocellular carcinoma and THLE-2 cells treated with 4 µM PPVI. (J and K) Morphology of HCCLM3 and Huh7 cells following 24 h of treatment with increasing concentrations of PPVI; scale bars, 100 µm. (L and M) Colony formation of cells treated with various concentrations of PPVI. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 and ****P<0.0001 vs. control. NS, not significant; Con, control; TCM, traditional Chinese medicine; PPVI, polyphyllin VI.