Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants
| Characteristics | MIMIC Cohort | WMU Cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NPAR | NPAR | |||||
| <22.8 | 22.8–28.4 | ≥28.4 | <22.8 | 22.8–28.4 | ≥28.4 | |
| Number | 937 | 938 | 938 | 102 | 97 | 84 |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 74.4 (12.4) | 75.4 (11.9) | 74.1 (12.6) | 74.9 (9.4) | 78.0 (10.7) | 79.8 (9.0) |
| Gender, n (%) | ||||||
| Female | 387 (41.3) | 405 (43.2) | 425 (45.3) | 45 (44.1) | 33 (34.0) | 37 (44.0) |
| Male | 550 (58.7) | 533 (56.8) | 513 (54.7) | 57 (55.9) | 64 (66.0) | 47 (56.0) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 372 (39.7) | 372 (39.7) | 344 (36.7) | 24 (23.5) | 22 (22.7) | 16 (19.0) |
| Valvular disease | 132 (14.1) | 129 (13.8) | 133 (14.2) | 48 (47.1) | 40 (41.2) | 31 (36.9) |
| Heart failure | 538 (57.4) | 605 (64.5) | 533 (56.8) | 40 (39.2) | 32 (33.0) | 36 (42.9) |
| Hypertension | 357 (38.1) | 351 (37.4) | 380 (40.5) | 78 (76.5) | 63 (64.9) | 58 (69.0) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 347 (37.0) | 394 (42.0) | 371 (39.6) | 30 (29.4) | 31 (32.0) | 24 (28.6) |
| Stroke | 64 (6.8) | 57 (6.1) | 57 (6.1) | 44 (43.1) | 55 (56.7) | 44 (52.4) |
| Vital signs | ||||||
| Temperature, °C | 36.8 (0.6) | 36.8 (0.6) | 36.8 (0.6) | 36.8 (0.8) | 37.0 (1.0) | 37.0 (1.1) |
| Heart rate, beats/min | 85.4 (17.4) | 88.6 (18.4) | 91.0 (17.8) | 97.7 (29.7) | 105.4 (28.4) | 105.7 (27.5) |
| Respiration rate, beats/min | 20.1 (3.6) | 20.7 (3.9) | 20.9 (4.2) | 20.7 (4.5) | 22.5 (7.0) | 21.8 (5.7) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 116.4 (16.2) | 113.9 (15.8) | 110.7 (13.5) | 140.8 (24.1) | 137.6 (28.7) | 132.0 (32.4) |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 62.8 (11.4) | 61.4 (10.4) | 59.1 (9.5) | 81.8 (15.9) | 77.1 (14.4) | 72.9 (18.1) |
| Compound biomarkers | ||||||
| NPAR | 19.3 (3.0) | 25.4 (1.6) | 34.4 (6.5) | 19.3 (2.8) | 25.3 (1.6) | 33.2 (5.6) |
| NLR | 5.4 (3.2–9.3) | 11.4 (7.1–19.1) | 15.5 (9.5–28.7) | 4.9 (3.0–8.1) | 11.1 (7.5–18.7) | 18.8 (11.8–33.1) |
| PLR | 157.1 (101.4–236.1) | 235.5 (149.2–371.3) | 279.4 (169.7–467.8) | 137.2 (114.0–201.5) | 228.9 (161.5–337.5) | 289.7 (181.6–650.7) |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||||
| White blood cell, 109/L | 11.3 (6.4) | 13.6 (6.8) | 14.4 16.0 (8.4) | 9.0 (4.6) | 11.1 (4.7) | 13.6 (7.0) |
| Neutrophil, % | 71.9 (13.7) | 83.1 (7.7) | 86.1 (6.7) | 74.8 (11.5) | 85.8 (5.8) | 89.9 (5.4) |
| Lymphocyte, % | 15.9 (10.2) | 8.5 (5.4) | 6.5 (4.4) | 17.3 (10.0) | 8.0 (4.4) | 5.4 (4.2) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.5 (2.4) | 10.9 (2.3) | 10.1 (2.1) | 13.2 (2.0) | 11.8 (2.4) | 10.9 (2.5) |
| Platelet, 109/L | 218.8 (105.7) | 223.8 (116.8) | 238.4 (137.8) | 188.6 (76.3) | 169.3 (63.2) | 176.2 (88.2) |
| Albumin, g/dl | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.3 (0.3) | 2.6 (0.4) | 3.9 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.3) |
| Creatinine, mg/dl | 1.3 (0.9–2.1) | 1.5 (1.0–2.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.5) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.97 (0.7–1.5) | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) |
| Scoring system | ||||||
| SOFA score | 6.0 (4.0–9.0) | 7.0 (4.0–10.0) | 8.0 (5.0–11.0) | 5.0 (2.0–8.0) | 7.5 (5.0–12.0) | 10.0 (6.8–12.2) |
| Pharmacological treatments | ||||||
| Anticoagulanta | 568 (60.6) | 573 (61.1) | 587 (62.6) | 44 (43.1) | 37 (38.1) | 31 (36.9) |
| Rate control drugsb | 387 (41.3) | 346 (36.9) | 389 (41.5) | 46 (45.1) | 28 (28.9) | 29 (34.5) |
| Amiodarone | 178 (19.0) | 171 (18.2) | 205 (21.9) | 25 (24.5) | 28 (28.9) | 28 (33.3) |
| Outcomes | ||||||
| 30-day mortality, n (%) | 182 (19.4) | 240 (25.6) | 339 (36.1) | 40 (39.2) | 58 (59.8) | 63 (75.0) |
| 90-day mortality, n (%) | 255 (27.2) | 335 (35.7) | 440 (46.9) | 41 (40.2) | 61 (62.9) | 66 (78.6) |
| One-year mortality, n (%) | 392 (41.8) | 449 (47.9) | 530 (56.5) | 47 (48.0) | 64 (69.6) | 69 (82.1) |
Notes: Data were presented as n (%), mean (SD) and median (IQR). aAnticoagulant contains enoxaparin, heparin and warfarin. bRate control drugs contains metoprolol, esmolol, diltiazem and digoxin.
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; MIMIC, Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care; WMU, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; NPAR, neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio; NLR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment.