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. 2023 Jan 9;614(7949):670–675. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05674-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Extended Data Fig. 6 — a, Each coloured line shows the best-fit spectrum from the PICASO, ATMO and PHOENIX cloudy grid. The χ² values per number of data points (N_obs = 327) are χ²/N_obs = 2.98, 3.24 and 3.51 for the PICASO, ATMO and PHOENIX grids, respectively. All grid models consistently indicate a super-solar metallicity of M/H = 1–2 and a sub-solar C/O ratio. b, The same as the top panel but for the best-fit clear atmosphere models. The clear models yield noticeably worse fits to the data, χ²/N_obs = 7.02, 4.11 and 8.55 for the PICASO, ATMO and PHOENIX grids, respectively, which strongly indicates the presence of clouds in the atmosphere. (https://github.com/afeinstein20/wasp39b_niriss_paper/blob/main/scripts/edfigure6.py).