Table 1.
An overview of articles included in this review
| Study | Men (n) | CgA/NSE (samples) | Prostate cancer stage | Relevant prior therapy | Therapy during or after sampling | Relevant analyses |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Szarvas (2021) [13] | 395 | CgA and NSE (serum) | Localised and hormone-naïve PC and mCRPC | Localised PC: radical prostatectomy (n = 157); mCRPC: docetaxel (n = 95) or abiraterone with enzalutamide (n = 143) | Not applicable | Changes in CgA and NSE levels during treatment. Correlation of CgA and NSE levels with OS |
| Derlin (2020) [14] | 50 | CgA and NSE (serum) | mCRPC | Not relevant | 177Lu-PSMA-617 RLT | Correlation between CgA and NSE levels with response to RLT and to PFS |
| Yordanova (2020) [15] | 137 | CgA (serum) | mCRPC | Not relevant | 177Lu-PSMA-617 RLT | Correlation between CgA level with OS |
| Fan (2019) [16] | 88 | CgA and NSE (serum) | mCRPC | Sequences of abiraterone acetate and docetaxel-prednisone | Not applicable | Correlation of CgA and NSE levels with PFS and OS |
| Rathke (2019) [17] | 100 | CgA | mCRPC | Not relevant | 177Lu-PSMA-617 RLT | Correlation between CgA levels and disease progression |
| Yang (2019) [18] | 103 | CgA and NSE (serum) | mCRPC | Not relevant | Prednisone with or without abiraterone | Change in CgA and NSE levels during treatment with abiraterone |
| Aggarwal (2018) [12] | 202 | CgA and NSE (tissue) | mCRPC | Antiandrogen treatment (n = 182); abiraterone and/or enzalutamide (n = 147) | Not applicable | Incidence of treatment-emergent small-cell NEPC and association with OS |
| Conteduca (2018) [2] | 256 | CgA (serum) | CRPC | Chemotherapy naïve | Abiraterone or enzalutamide | Association between baseline CgA levels and PFS and OS |
| Giridhar (2018) [19] | 271 | CgA (serum) | mCRPC | Not applicable | Not applicable | Association of CgA levels with OS |
| Thakur (2018) [20] | 18 | CgA and NSE (serum) | Chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC | Radiation (n = 10), prostatectomy (n = 7), enzalutamide (n = 3), and abiraterone (n = 5) | Docetaxel, prednisone, and pasireotide | Association between CgA and NSE levels and time to progression and OS |
| Dong (2017) [21] | 115 | CgA and NSE (serum) | Chemotherapy-naïve mCRPC | Abiraterone acetate (n = 48) | Abiraterone acetate (n = 67) | Assessing neuroendocrine differentiation during treatment |
| Niedworok (2017) [22] | 237 | CgA (serum and plasma) | Localized PC | Not applicable | Not applicable | Prognostic value of CgA levels for disease-specific survival |
| von Hardenberg (2017) [23] | 52 | CgA and NSE (serum) | mCRPC | Androgen derivation therapy (n = 52), docetaxel (n = 4), abiraterone acetate (n = 24), enzalutamide (n = 7) | Docetaxel | Dynamics of CgA and NSE levels during treatment. Correlation between levels with OS and PFS |
| Fan (2017) [24] | 40 | CgA and NSE (serum) | mCRPC | Chemotherapy (n = 18) | Abiraterone acetate | Prognostic value of changes in CgA and NSE levels after 3 months of treatment for PFS and OS |
| Heck (2017) [25] | 45 | CgA and NSE (serum) | mCRPC | Chemotherapy (n = 45) | Abiraterone | Prognostic value of CgA and NSE levels at baseline for PFS and OS during treatment |
| Angulo (2016) [26] | 45 | CgA (tissue) | Localised and advanced PC | Not applicable | Not applicable | Correlation between CgA levels and cancer-specific survival |
| Mahameddi (2016) [27] | 30 | CgA and NSE (serum) | Progressive CRPC | Prostatectomy/radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy | Docetaxel-prednisone and curcumin | Prognostic value of CgA and NSE baseline levels and OS |
| Von Hardenberg (2016) [28] | 35 | CgA and NSE (serum) | Chemotherapy-naïve CRPC | Abiraterone acetate (n = 16) | Docetaxel-based chemotherapy | Influence of abiraterone acetate treatment on CgA and NSE levels |
| Burgio (2014) [29] | 48 | CgA (serum) | mCRPC | Chemotherapy (n = 48) | Abiraterone acetate with prednisone | Predictive value of CgA baseline levels treatment response. Association between CgA baseline levels with PFS and OS |
| Mitsui (2015) [30] | 16 | CgA (tissue) | CRPC | Not applicable | Docetaxel, estramustine, and carboplatin | Change in CgA levels with disease evolution. Change in CgA levels with chemotherapy |
| Conteduca (2014) [31] | 35 | CgA (serum) | mCRPC | Docetaxel | Enzalutamide | Prognostic value of CgA levels at baseline for PFS and OS |
| Matei (2012) [32] | 47 | CgA (serum and tissue) | CRPC | Hormonal therapy with or without radiotherapy | Not applicable | To identify biomarkers of neuro-endocrine differentiation |
| Fléchon (2011) [33] | 56 | CgA and NSE (serum) | Progressive mCRPC | Hormonal therapy (n = 56); chemotherapy (n = 38) | Carboplatin and etoposide | CgA and NSE levels as predictors of treatment response and as prognostic markers for PFS and OS |
| Sarkar (2010) [34] | 14 | CgA (plasma) | mCRPC | Antiandrogenic treatment (n = 14) | Docetaxel | Prognostic value of CgA levels for OS. Association between CgA response and clinical response |
The articles are described by the number of study participants, the type of CgA/NSE samples assessed, the prostate cancer stage, the relevant prior therapy, the therapy under study, and the relevant analyses for this review
CgA chromogranin A, CRPC castration-resistant prostate cancer, mCRPC metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, NEPC neuroendocrine prostate cancer, NSE neuron-specific enolase, OS overall survival, PC prostate cancer, PFS progression-free survival, PSMA prostate-specific membrane antigen, RLT radioligand therapy