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. 2023 Feb 9;14:1142644. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142644

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Copyright © 2023 Macvanin, Gluvic, Radovanovic, Essack, Gao and Isenovic

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IGF-1 system and GH/IGF-1 axis regulation. Ghrelin and GHRH stimulate pituitary secretion of GH, while somatostatin inhibits it. GH stimulates IGF1 secretion in the liver, and IGF-1 exerts negative feedback and inhibits GH secretion. GH, growth hormone; GHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor receptor-1; IGFBPs, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; IR, insulin receptor; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells. Biorender.com was used to generate part of the Figure.