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. 2023 Feb 9;14:1142644. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1142644

Figure 2.

Figure 2

IGF-1 signaling pathways in CV system. ERK/MAPK and PI3K/Akt represent the main pathways involved in IGF-1 signal transduction. Activation of these pathways confer multiple protective effects on the CV system, summarized in the diagram. IGFBPs, insulin-like growth factor binding proteins; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor receptor-1; RAS, rat sarcoma protein; RAF, rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; IRS1, Insulin receptor substrate-1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase; Akt, serine/threonine kinase (protein kinase B); mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NO, nitric oxide; VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase.